Hoofdstuk 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The condition of stress has 2 components:

A

1) Physical: involving direct material or bodily challenge
2) Psychological: involving how individuals perceive circumstances in their lives

  • these components can be examined in 3 ways

1) focus on the environment (stress is seen as a stimulus)
* physically or psychologically challenging events or circumstances are called “stressors”

2) focus on peoples reactions to stressors (stress is a response)
* when people use the word “stress” to refer to their state of tension
* the psychological and physiological response to a stressor = “strain”

3) stress as a process - that includes stressors and strains, but als the relationship between the person and the environment.
* process involves continuous interactions and adjustments (transactions) with the person and the environment each affecting and being affected by the other
* person is active agent in this process that influences the impact of the stressor through behavrioral, cognitive and emotional strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stress

A

the circumstance in which transactions lead a person to perceive a discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of a situation and the resources of her biological, psychological or social systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cognitive Appraisal - Lazarus

A

a mental process by which people assess, 2 factors:

1) whether a demand threatens their physical or psychological well-being
2) the resources available for meeting the demand

Primary and Secondary Appraisal:
- irrelevant
- good (benign-positive)
- stressful –> harm-loss (amount of damage already occurred) –> threat (involves the expectation of future harm) –> challenge (opportunity to achieve growth mastery or profit)

Secondary Appraisal refers to our assessment of the resources we have available for coping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Appraising events as stressful

A

depends on 2 types of factors
- those relating to person
- those relating to situation

Personal factors: intellectual, motivational and personality characteristics (bv self-esteem)

  • tendency to appraise minor issues as major problems = perfectionism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The physiological portion of the response to a stressor/strain = reactivity

A

reactivity wordt vergeleken met the level of arousal in rust
- chronic stress shows heightened reactivity and arousal takes longer to return to baseline

(Walter Cannon: fight or flight)
-the perception of danger causes the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate many organs (heart) and adrenal glands (epinephrine arouses the body further)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
GAS doesn’t take into account psychosocial processes

A

1) Alarm Reaction (fight/flight)
-activates HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis)
-adrenal gland releases cortisol

2) Stage of Resistance
-HPA activation predominates
- few outward signs of stress, however possibly impaired to new stressors (diseases of adaptation)

3) Stage of Exhaustion
- weaken immune system
- deplete body’s energy reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Allostatic Load

A

the effects of the body’s adapting repeatedly to stressors, that accumulate over time
- fluctuations in cortisol/epinephrine
- blood pressure
- immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 factors are important in the overall amount of bodily activation or physiological stress

A

1) amount of exposure
2) magnitude of reactivity
3) rate of recovery
4) resource restoration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adverse childhood experiences

A

higher levels of allostatic load in adulthood (more rapid aging)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stressors are more likely to trigger the release of large amounts of

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine/cortisol, if the individuals’ response includes a strong element of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Depression

A

major psychological disorder when severe & prolonged (at least 2 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Men: fight/flight

A

women: tend/befriend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gezondheid =

A

een positieve status van fysiek, mentaal en sociaal welzijn, dat door de tijd heen fluctueert volgens een continuum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For adults, stress appraisals of an illness

A

typically include both current difficulties and concerns for the future
- for children: likely to focus on current rather than future concerns

Another way stress arises within the person is through the appraisal of opposing motivational forces, when a state of conflict exists
- push and pulled in 2 directions: these produce opping tendencies Approach and Avoidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Factors that make jobs stressful

A

1) demands of the task
- workload high
- job activities (jobs that underutilize a worker’s abilities)

2) jobs that involve responsibility for people’s lives (emotional exhaustion)

3) physical environment
4) perceived insufficient control
5) poor interpersonal relationships
6) perceived inadequate recognition or advancement
7) job loss and insecurity

  • factors are all linked to emotional distress, physiological strain and sleep loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SES

A

Socio Economic Status

17
Q

GSR

A

Galvanic Skin Respons (measures skin conductance, which is affected by sweating)

18
Q

Assess Arousal

A
  • electrical/mechanical equipment
  • biochemical analyses of blood/urine/saliva to test level of hormones
    *corticosteroids (cortisol)
  • catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
19
Q

fMRI

A

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (brain activity)

20
Q

Measuring Stress

A

widely used scale of life events:
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) = lijst met events + punten
-correlatie SRRS met ziekte is maar .30
- undesirable life events are correlated to illness, desirable life events aren’t

Daily Hassles Scales (lazarus) - 117 minor annoyances to major problems

Uplifts Scale (voor de balans) - 135 events that bring peace, satisfaction or joy

21
Q

Frankenhaeuser has described 2 components of stress

A

Distress and Effort
- distress without/with effort is probably more damaging than effort without distress
- Lazarus: 3 types of stress appraisals Harm-Loss, THreat and Challenge