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Het Lerende Brein > Hoofdstuk 6 > Flashcards

Hoofdstuk 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Nature-nurture debate

A

The extent to which cognition and behavior can be attributed to genes or environment

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2
Q

Neuroconstructivism

A

A process of interaction between environment and brain-based constraints that leads to the mature cognitive system emerging out of transformations of earlier ones (but does not assume discrete stages)

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3
Q

Welke problemen heeft MRI met werken met kinderen?

A

The structural properties of the brain change during development, HRF verandert erg tot 7 jaar, het is moeilijk om activiteit in de hersenen te vertalen naar hersenen van een kind met andere leeftijd, moeilijker om stil te liggen

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4
Q

Welke problemen heeft fNIRS met werken met kinderen?

A

Het kan beter tegen beweging, maar heeft zwakke spatiele resolutie en meestal kan niet het hele hoofd bedekt zijn

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5
Q

Welke problemen heeft ERP/EEG met werken met kinderen?

A

Kinderen hebben moeite om de elektroden te tolereren en hebben moeite met hoelang het duurt, kinderen laten hele andere patronen zien dan volwassenen, men weet niet zeker of dit komt door de vorm van de schedel etc. of dat het andere cognitieve vaardigheden zijn

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6
Q

Predetermined development

A

genes dictate the structure of the brain, which enables the particular functions of the brain, which determines the kinds of experiences we have

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7
Q

Probabilistic development

A

the brain structure and the expression of the genes can be influenced by experience as well as vice versa

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8
Q

neural tube

A

The embryo’s precursor to the central nervous system, consisting of a set of cells arranged in a hollow cylinder

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9
Q

neuroblasts

A

Stem cells for neurons

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10
Q

Radial glial cells

A

Support cells that guide neurons from the neural tube to their final destination

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11
Q

Hoe ontstaat het brein van baby’s voor de geboorte?

A

-nervous system komt van de neural tube
-na 5 weken buigt deze zich, om zo verschillende delen van het brein te vormen
-er worden veel nieuwe neuronen gevormd door neuroblasts
-de nieuwe neuronen migreren naar goede plek, oude vaak meer naar het midden, radial glial cells helpen met verplaatsing

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12
Q

Op welke manier worden neuronen waarschijnlijk een bepaald deel van het brein?

A

Een verschillende doses van een moleculair signaal kan zorgen voor de verandering, hier is een zekere threshold voor

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13
Q

Waaruit bestaan de gyri en Sulci?

A

Axonenbundels, deze houden de cortex als een soort elastiekjes bij elkaar

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14
Q

Hebbian learning

A

Strengthening of a synapse that occurs when the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are active at the same time (what wires together fires together)

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15
Q

Waardoor ontstaat de volume groei van het brein na de geboorte?

A

groei van de synapsen, dendrieten, axonen, glial cells en myelination

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16
Q

Waardoor nemen de synapsen eerst toe en daarna af?

A

Bij het fine-tunen van het brein zijn sommige verbindingen niet nodig om te hebben

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17
Q

Myelination

A

An increase in the fatty sheath that surrounds axons and increases the speed of information transmission

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18
Q

plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change as a result of experience

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19
Q

Kennard principle

A

The idea that the earlier brain damage is sustained, the better the functional outcome

20
Q

Filial imprinting

A

The process by which a young animal comes to recognize a parent

21
Q

Critical period

A

A time window in which appropriate environmental input is essential for learning to take place

22
Q

Sensitive period

A

A time window in which appropriate environmental input is particularly important (but not necessarily essential) for learning to take place

23
Q

empiricism

A

In filosofie, tabula rasa, kind wordt geboren als onbeschreven blad

24
Q

nativism

A

In philosophy, the view that at least some forms of knowledge are innate

25
Q

Instinct

A

A behavior that is a product of natural selection

26
Q

Prepared learning

A

The theory that common phobias are biologically determined from evolutionary pressures

27
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

A field concerned with studying the inheritance of behavior and cognition

28
Q

Chromosome

A

An organized package of DNA bound up with proteins; each chromosome contains many genes

29
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

30
Q

MZ twins (monozygotic)

A

Genetically identical twins caused when a fertilized egg splits in two

31
Q

DZ twins (dizygotic)

A

Twins who share half of their genes, caused when two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm

32
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals

33
Q

Unshared environment

A

The proportion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by events that happen to one twin but not the other, or events that affect them in different ways

34
Q

Shared environment

A

The proportion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by events that happen to both twins, affecting them in the same way

35
Q

Genotype-first

A

An analysis approach in which different genotypes are used to explore for phenotypic variations

36
Q

Phenotype-first

A

An analysis approach in which different phenotypes are used to explore genetic differences

37
Q

Genome-wide association study (GWAS)

A

A phenotype-first approach in which the presence/absence, or continuous variation, in a trait is linked to variation, in a trait is linked to variations at many different sites in the genetic code

38
Q

Wat zijn 3 scenario’s waaruit blijkt dat de natuur achter interactie tussen nature en nurture belangrijk is om te begrijpen?

A

Epigenetics, gene-environment correlations and gene-environment interactions

39
Q

Orofacial dyspraxia

A

An impaired ability to perform the coordinated movements required for speech

40
Q

Transcription factor

A

A gene product that affects the function of other genes

41
Q

Epigenetics

A

A phenomenon in which the expression of the genetic code is also influenced by the environment

42
Q

Gene-environment correlations

A

Genetic influences in people’s exposure to different environments

43
Q

Evocative process (Gene-enviroment)

A

A process in which a child’s negative behavior leads to a harsher parenting style

44
Q

Passive process (Gene-environment)

A

Both a risk for negative child behaviors and negative parenting behaviors are transmitted genetically

45
Q

Gene X environment interactions (G x E)

A

Susceptibility to a trait depends on a particular combination of a gene and environment

Het Lerende Brein (17 decks)

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