Hoofdstuk 6 Flashcards
Nature-nurture debate
The extent to which cognition and behavior can be attributed to genes or environment
Neuroconstructivism
A process of interaction between environment and brain-based constraints that leads to the mature cognitive system emerging out of transformations of earlier ones (but does not assume discrete stages)
Welke problemen heeft MRI met werken met kinderen?
The structural properties of the brain change during development, HRF verandert erg tot 7 jaar, het is moeilijk om activiteit in de hersenen te vertalen naar hersenen van een kind met andere leeftijd, moeilijker om stil te liggen
Welke problemen heeft fNIRS met werken met kinderen?
Het kan beter tegen beweging, maar heeft zwakke spatiele resolutie en meestal kan niet het hele hoofd bedekt zijn
Welke problemen heeft ERP/EEG met werken met kinderen?
Kinderen hebben moeite om de elektroden te tolereren en hebben moeite met hoelang het duurt, kinderen laten hele andere patronen zien dan volwassenen, men weet niet zeker of dit komt door de vorm van de schedel etc. of dat het andere cognitieve vaardigheden zijn
Predetermined development
genes dictate the structure of the brain, which enables the particular functions of the brain, which determines the kinds of experiences we have
Probabilistic development
the brain structure and the expression of the genes can be influenced by experience as well as vice versa
neural tube
The embryo’s precursor to the central nervous system, consisting of a set of cells arranged in a hollow cylinder
neuroblasts
Stem cells for neurons
Radial glial cells
Support cells that guide neurons from the neural tube to their final destination
Hoe ontstaat het brein van baby’s voor de geboorte?
-nervous system komt van de neural tube
-na 5 weken buigt deze zich, om zo verschillende delen van het brein te vormen
-er worden veel nieuwe neuronen gevormd door neuroblasts
-de nieuwe neuronen migreren naar goede plek, oude vaak meer naar het midden, radial glial cells helpen met verplaatsing
Op welke manier worden neuronen waarschijnlijk een bepaald deel van het brein?
Een verschillende doses van een moleculair signaal kan zorgen voor de verandering, hier is een zekere threshold voor
Waaruit bestaan de gyri en Sulci?
Axonenbundels, deze houden de cortex als een soort elastiekjes bij elkaar
Hebbian learning
Strengthening of a synapse that occurs when the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are active at the same time (what wires together fires together)
Waardoor ontstaat de volume groei van het brein na de geboorte?
groei van de synapsen, dendrieten, axonen, glial cells en myelination
Waardoor nemen de synapsen eerst toe en daarna af?
Bij het fine-tunen van het brein zijn sommige verbindingen niet nodig om te hebben
Myelination
An increase in the fatty sheath that surrounds axons and increases the speed of information transmission
plasticity
The brain’s ability to change as a result of experience
Kennard principle
The idea that the earlier brain damage is sustained, the better the functional outcome
Filial imprinting
The process by which a young animal comes to recognize a parent
Critical period
A time window in which appropriate environmental input is essential for learning to take place
Sensitive period
A time window in which appropriate environmental input is particularly important (but not necessarily essential) for learning to take place
empiricism
In filosofie, tabula rasa, kind wordt geboren als onbeschreven blad
nativism
In philosophy, the view that at least some forms of knowledge are innate
Instinct
A behavior that is a product of natural selection
Prepared learning
The theory that common phobias are biologically determined from evolutionary pressures
Behavioral genetics
A field concerned with studying the inheritance of behavior and cognition
Chromosome
An organized package of DNA bound up with proteins; each chromosome contains many genes
Allele
Different versions of the same gene
MZ twins (monozygotic)
Genetically identical twins caused when a fertilized egg splits in two
DZ twins (dizygotic)
Twins who share half of their genes, caused when two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm
Heritability
The proportion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals
Unshared environment
The proportion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by events that happen to one twin but not the other, or events that affect them in different ways
Shared environment
The proportion of variance in a trait, in a given population, that can be accounted for by events that happen to both twins, affecting them in the same way
Genotype-first
An analysis approach in which different genotypes are used to explore for phenotypic variations
Phenotype-first
An analysis approach in which different phenotypes are used to explore genetic differences
Genome-wide association study (GWAS)
A phenotype-first approach in which the presence/absence, or continuous variation, in a trait is linked to variation, in a trait is linked to variations at many different sites in the genetic code
Wat zijn 3 scenario’s waaruit blijkt dat de natuur achter interactie tussen nature en nurture belangrijk is om te begrijpen?
Epigenetics, gene-environment correlations and gene-environment interactions
Orofacial dyspraxia
An impaired ability to perform the coordinated movements required for speech
Transcription factor
A gene product that affects the function of other genes
Epigenetics
A phenomenon in which the expression of the genetic code is also influenced by the environment
Gene-environment correlations
Genetic influences in people’s exposure to different environments
Evocative process (Gene-enviroment)
A process in which a child’s negative behavior leads to a harsher parenting style
Passive process (Gene-environment)
Both a risk for negative child behaviors and negative parenting behaviors are transmitted genetically
Gene X environment interactions (G x E)
Susceptibility to a trait depends on a particular combination of a gene and environment
