Deary, I., Penke, L., & Johnson, W. (2010). The neuroscience of human intelligence differences. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 201-211. Flashcards

1
Q

Which three main aims does differential psychology have with respect to its trait of interest?

A

to describe them accurately, to discover the real-life impact of trait differences and to discover the aetiologies of trait differences, including their biological bases

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2
Q

Wat houdt g in (general intelligence)?

A

Dat mensen die het goed doen in een gebied, het ook vaak beter doen op andere gebieden

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3
Q

Raven’s progressive matrices test

A

An established non-verbal test of inductive reasoning that is often regarded as a good marker of the general factor of intelligence.

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4
Q

Non-verbal reasoning

A

A broad subfactor of intelligence defined by tests that do not rely on verbal stimuli or responses. The term perceptual–organizational ability is often used synonymously

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5
Q

Hoe ziet de verdeling van intelligentie eruit in de populatie?

A

Het volgt een normaalverdeling

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6
Q

Waarvoor is general intelligence een goede predictor?

A

occupational attainment, social mobility and job performance, People with higher general intelligence in childhood or early adulthood have better health in middle and later life, and are less likely to die young

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7
Q

Wat is de definitie van intelligentie?

A

Intelligence is a very general capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test‐taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings—‘catching on’, ‘making sense’ of things, or ‘figuring out’ what to do. Intelligence, so defined, can be measured, and intelligence tests measure it well

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8
Q

Welke twee eigenschappen van intelligentie tests zijn belangrijk?

A

-Elke intelligentie test is gecorreleerd als het wordt gehangen aan een grote groep mensen
-Intelligence should be assessed by its construct validity, meaning the accumulated evidence that the tests measure something of relevance: evidence on practical outcomes of intelligence differences, consistency of psychometric structure, and relationships with biological structures and processes

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9
Q

Wat houdt de positive manifold in?

A

Scores van cognitieve ability tasks van elke soort zijn positief gecorreleert

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10
Q

Welke tests zijn meer gecorreleerd met elkaar dan andere?

A

Tests die qua content meer op elkaar lijken

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11
Q

Waarom moet g benadrukt worden als intelligentie meter?

A

It accounts for a substantial large amount of variance, it is the source of most of the predictive power of cognitive tests and, as discussed below, it is the locus of most of the genetic variance

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12
Q

Waarom is intelligentie zo lastig te onderzoeken in het brein?

A

Bij het maken van een intelligentietest taakje maak je gebruik van meerdere soorten intelligentie, het is lastig een specifiek hersendeel aan te wijzen voor een specifieke soort intelligentie

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13
Q

Welke twee biologische bevindingen geven aan wat intelligentie kan veroorzaken?

A

-general intelligence differences are substantially heritable
-and general intelligence and brain size show modest, positive correlations

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14
Q

Which two types of controversy surround the measurement of intelligence?

A

in some cases, empirical intelligence‐related data exist but have been missed, unappreciated, ignored or even rejected; in other cases, no definitive intelligence‐related data are yet available

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15
Q

On which two grounds has g been criticized?

A

-several theorists have proposed that domains of cognitive ability might be independent of one another
-Cattell and Horn suggested that, however robust it may be statistically, g might have no real importance in the brain because different batteries of ability test could give different values of g, resulting in different rank orders among individuals

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16
Q

Wat houdt het debat tussen Spearman en Thomson in?

A

-Thomson suggereert dat de positieve correlaties tussen cognitieve functies niet te verklaren is als single property (wat Spearman dacht), maar dat het gaat om de efficiëntie van ‘bonds in het brein’
-bonds die nodig zijn voor meerdere taken correleerden hoog met elkaar

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17
Q

Wat is fluid intelligence (gf)?

A

intelligence‐as‐process, and is typically assessed using tests that require
on‐the‐spot processing

18
Q

Wat is crystallized intelligence (gc)?

A

intelligence‐as‐product, and is typically measured using tests that
assess stored knowledge, such as vocabulary and general facts

19
Q

Wat is het verschil tussen gf en gc?

A

-gc verandert met de tijd
-gf blijft ongeveer gelijk over je hele leven

20
Q

Hoe hangen SES en intelligence samen?

A

-some genes involved in IQ tend to be expressed only in higher SES environments
-generally correlated, one’s intelligence can influence SES and vice versa

21
Q

Hoe hangen genen en intelligentie samen?

A

he genetic influences on brain structures and functions were highly correlated with those on general intelligence

22
Q

Zijn er genen die direct te maken hebben met intelligentie?

A

Nee

23
Q

Welke hersendelen hebben te maken met individuele verschillen in intelligentie?

A

areas in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex and specific regions in the temporal and occipital lobe

24
Q

Welke hersendelen hebben volgens de P-FIT (parieto-frontal integration theory) te maken met intelligentie, omdat ze bijdragen aan het herkennen, voorstellen en laboreren van visuele input?

A

Extrastriate cortex en fysiform gyrus

25
Q

Wat is relatie tussen cortical thickness en intelligentie?

A

Een positieve relatie, vooral in prefrontale cortex en temporal lobes

26
Q

Welke hersendelen hebben te maken met working memory?

A

left frontal and parietal cortex

27
Q

Welk hersendeel heeft te maken met verbal comprehension?

A

left inferior frontal cortex

28
Q

Welk hersendeel heeft te maken met perceptual organization?

A

right parietal cortex

29
Q

Small-world network

A

A network characterized by high levels of local clustering among nodes and short paths that globally link all nodes, resulting in all nodes being linked through few intermediate steps despite few connections per node

30
Q

Wat betekenen meer witte stof lesions voor intelligentie?

A

Lagere cognitieve abilities

31
Q

Long association fiber

A

A member of a set of axonal tracks connecting the distant brain areas in the same hemisphere

32
Q

Network efficiency

A

Describes short mean path lengths for parallel information transfer, as provided by a small-world network structure

33
Q

Functional connectivity

A

Correlations between the activation patterns of different brain areas

34
Q

Is er een correlatie tussen witte stof integriteit en intelligentie in kinderen en volwassenen?

A

Ja

35
Q

Wat voor groep axonen heeft een positieve correlatie met intelligentie?

A

Long association fibers

36
Q

Op welke manier verwerken intelligentere mensen visuele en audio prikkels?

A

Ze doen dit sneller dan minder intelligente mensen

37
Q

Welke twee dingen over intelligentie in het brein zijn gebleken uit functionele studies?

A

-Intelligentie zit in het brein verspreid als een netwerk
-Intelligentere mensen verwerken prikkels sneller

38
Q

Kan in rust worden gezegd of een brein meer of minder intelligent is?

A

Ja! De frontale en parietale regio’s die worden gebruikt bij cognitieve taken zijn minder actief in rust dan die van minder intelligente mensen

39
Q

Met welk hersendeel in mannelijke intelligentie gecorreleerd?

A

Fronto-parietal gray matter volume, temporal-occipital cortical thickness, minder activiteit bij spatial task

40
Q

Met welke hersendeel is vrouwelijke intelligentie gecorreleerd?

A

White matter volume and gray matter volume in Broca’s area, cortical thickness in frontal regions, minder activiteit bij verbale task