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Het Lerende Brein > Hoofdstuk 16 > Flashcards

Hoofdstuk 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions

A

A state associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing. These stimuli often have an inherent survival value

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2
Q

Mentalizing

A

The process of inferring or attributing mental states to others

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3
Q

Mirroring

A

The process of sharing the emotions or mental states of others

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4
Q

Mood

A

An emotional state that is extended over time

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5
Q

Hedonic value

A

Emotions are subjectively liked or disliked

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6
Q

Expressions

A

External motor outcomes in the face and body associated with emotional states

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7
Q

Wat viel Darwin op aan emoties?

A

Dat deze tussen dieren vaak overeen komen en dat deze dienen om te zien wat de intenties zijn van andere dieren

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8
Q

Wat hielden Freud’s id, ego en super-ego in?

A

-id: primitive urges, unconscious, soms te lezen door ego
-ego: conscious mind
-super-ego: cultural norms and aspirations

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9
Q

Wat dacht Freud over emoties?

A

-dat emoties unconscious zijn
-mental health probleem is een emotional disturbance

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10
Q

James-Lange theory

A

The self-perception of bodily changes produces emotional experience, niet bewezen, emoties kunnen wel worden verergerd door bodily changes

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11
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Theory centered on the hypothalamus’ role in emotions in which bodily responses occur after the emotion itself

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12
Q

Papez circuit

A

A limbic-based circuit that was once thought to constitute a largely undifferentiated “emotional” brain

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13
Q

Basic emotions

A

Different categories of emotions assumed to be independent of culture and with their own biological basis

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14
Q

Welke emoties worden vaak als basis emoties gezien?

A

-blijheid
-verdriet
-disgust
-boosheid
-angst
-verrassing

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15
Q

Moral emotions

A

Emotions that are related to the behavior of oneself or the behavior of others

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16
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system, implicated in learning the emotional value of stimuli, and in reward and fear learning

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17
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

In monkeys after bilateral amygdala and temporal lesions, an unusual tameness and emotional blunting; a tendency to examine objects with the mouth; and dietary changes

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18
Q

Skin conductance response (SCR)

A

Changes in electrical conductivity on a person’s skin, triggered by certain stimuli

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19
Q

Waar kan schade aan de amygdala voor zorgen bij mensen?

A

-geen skin conductance response
-kan zorgen dat je geen angst bij anderen kan zien
-horen geen angst in de stem
-affecteert leren van angst stimuli
-second order conditioning

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20
Q

Welke angstcircuit zou er in de hersenen bestaan?

A

-fast route, van thalamus naar amygdala
-slow route, naar amygdala via primary visual cortex

21
Q

Insula

A

A region of the cortex buried beneath the temporal lobes; involved in body perception and contains the primary gustatory cortex; responds to digust

22
Q

Waar zorgt schade aan de insula voor?

A

-moeite met het herkennen van disgust bij anderen
-moeite met disgust uitdrukken

23
Q

Interoception

A

A sensory system for monitoring the internal state of the body

24
Q

Waarbij is de orbitofrontale cortex betrokken op gebied van emoties?

A

-bepalen hoe waardevol een stimulus is in de context
-coding rewards and punishments
-flexible changes in behavior to stimuli that are normally rewarding but suddenly cease to be
-subjective reports of pleasantness to stimuli

25
Q

Extinction learning

A

Learning that a previously rewarded stimulus in no longer rewarded

26
Q

Waarbij is de anterior cingulate betrokken op gebied van emoties?

A

-motivation
-determining the costs and benefits of actions
-output of bodily responses
-receives input relating to pain, responds to social and physical pain

27
Q

Ventral striatum

A

Part of the basal ganglia that includes the nucleus accumbens; involved in a ‘limbic circuit’ connecting the orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus

28
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

-gestimuleerd door cocaine
-gestimuleerd door rewarding stimuli
-grotere activiteit als iets is gewonnen door samenwerking met een een ander persoon

29
Q

Conspecific

A

Other members of the same species

30
Q

Wat zeggen de modellen van Bruce en Young (cognitive) en van Haxby (neuroanatomical) over face processing?

A

Dat sociale relevante informatie van gezichten lezen erg verschilt van het herkennen van iemands identiteit

31
Q

Wat houdt het model van Bruce en Young in over face processing?

A

-er is een route voor het herkennen van emotionele expressies

32
Q

Wat houdt het model van Haxby in over face processing?

A

-aan de ene kant een time-invariant deel, voor facial identity, gekoppeld aan FFA
-aan de andere kant een time-varying deel van het gezicht, voor expression en gaze processing, superior temporal sulcus

33
Q

Waar zijn de posterior superior temporal sulcus en de medial prefrontal cortex aan Gelink?

A

Mentalizing, mental states toekennen aan anderen

34
Q

Simulation theory

A

The theory that we come to understand others by vicariously producing their current state in ourselves

35
Q

Social referencing

A

The emotional response of another person may lead to avoidance or interaction with a previously neutral stimulus

36
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

People report that their acquaintances have been replaced by “body doubles”

37
Q

Welk deel van de hersenen is betrokken bij eye direction volgen?

A

Superior temporal sulcus

38
Q

Theory of mind

A

The ability to represent the mental states of others

39
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to appreciate others’ point of view and share their experiences

40
Q

Welke gebieden in de hersenen worden actief als je een proefpersoon vraagt om om een gezichtsuitdrukking na te doen?

A

-Premotor cortex
-amygdala en insula

41
Q

Mirror system

A

Neural circuits or regions that disregard the distinction between self and other

42
Q

Autism

A

The presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication, and a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests

43
Q

Asperger Syndrome

A

A variant of autism linked to normal to high intelligence

44
Q

False belief

A

A belief that differs from one’s own belief and that differs from the true state of the world

45
Q

Broken-mirror theory

A

An account of autism in which the social difficulties are considered as a consequence of mirror-system dysfunction

46
Q

Mu oscillations

A

EEG oscillations at 8-13 Hz over the sensomotorische cortex that are greatest when participants are at rest

47
Q

Welk bewijs is er voor de broken-mirror theory in de hersenen bij autisme?

A

-reduced gray matter in areas linked to mirror system, inferior frontal gyrus
-less activity in inferior frontal gyrus
-mu oscillaties zouden moeten verminderen bij het zien van een ander die iets doet, bij autisme is dit minder zichtbaar

48
Q

Waarvoor zijn de temporal lobes bij theory of mind?

A

-language and semantic memory
-wordt gedacht dat deze te maken hebben met generating schemes over sociale en emotionele context

49
Q

Waarvoor is de medial PFC bij theory of mind?

A

-reageert meer op denken over mensen dan over andere zaken
-reageert meer op denken over wat andere mensen denken
-irony en metaforen

Het Lerende Brein (17 decks)

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