Hoofdstuk 1

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

A variety of higher mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking, acting and planning

Question 2

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 2

Aims to explain cognitive processes in terms of brain-based mechanisms

Question 3

Mind-body problem

Answer 3

The problem of how a physical substance can give rise to our sensations, thoughts and emotions

Voorbeeld:
- je teen stoten (body) –> zenuwcellen geven signaal door aan brein –> gevoel van pijn (mind)
- dorst hebben (mind) –> zenuwcellen geven signaal door aan spieren –> drinken pakken (body)

Question 4

Dualism

Answer 4

• The belief that the mind and brain are made up of different kind of substances (Descartes)
• Dus sprake van apart een “mind”/geest en lichaam die onafhankelijk van elkaar kunnen leven (bijv. na de dood)

Question 5

Dual-aspect theory

Answer 5

• The belief that the mind and brain are two levels of description of the same thing
• Een theorie binnen the philosophy of mind
• Beetje het tegenovergestelde van dualism

Question 6

Reductionism

Answer 6

The belief that mindbased concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts, simpelere theorie

Question 7

Phrenology

Answer 7

The failed idea that individual differences in cognition can be mapped onto differences in skull shape

Question 8

Functional specialization

Answer 8

Different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions

Question 9

Cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 9

• The study of brain-damaged patients to inform theories of normal cognition
• Kan ook sprake zijn van ontwikkelingsprobleem

Question 10

Information processing

Answer 10

An approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages

Question 11

Modularity

Answer 11

The notion that certain cognitive processes (or regions in the brain) are restricted in the type of information they process

Question 12

Domain specificity

Answer 12

The idea that a cognitive process (or brain region) is dedicated solely to one particular type of information

Question 13

Interactivity

Answer 13

Later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete

Question 14

Top-down processing

Answer 14

• The influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones
• M.a.w. een bepaalde herinnering die je perceptie van een event beïnvloed

Question 15

Bottom-up processing

Answer 15

The passage of information from simpler to more complex
- Bijv. je bent een filmpje aan het kijken op je laptop, maar het eerste wat je merkt zijn de randen van je laptop, de toetsen, het scherm, etc. en daarna pas de inhoud van het filmpje

Question 16

Parallel processing

Answer 16

Different information is processed at the same time

Question 17

Neural network models

Answer 17

Computational models in which information processing occurs using many interconnected nodes

Question 18

Nodes

Answer 18

The basic units of neural network models that are activated in response to activity in other parts of the network

Question 19

Temporal resolution

Answer 19

The accuracy with which one can measure when an event occurs

Question 20

Spatial resolution

Answer 20

The accuracy with which one can measure where an event is occurring

Question 21

Connectome

Answer 21

A comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain that may be thought of as its “wiring diagram”

Question 22

Graph theory

Answer 22

A mathematical technique for computing the pattern of connectivity (or “wiring diagram”) from a set of correlations

Question 23

Waar dacht Aristoteles dat je persoonlijkheid zat?

Answer 23

Wie je bent zit in je hart, je brein is een koelingsmechanisme