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Het Lerende Brein > Hoofdstuk 15 > Flashcards

Hoofdstuk 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Executive functions

A

Control processes that enable an individual to optimize performance in situations requiring the operation and coordination of several more basis cognitive processed

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2
Q

Met welk deel van het brein worden executieve functies geassocieerd?

A

De prefrontale cortex (PFC)

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3
Q

Wat is er zo bijzonder aan de PFC bij mensen en primaten?

A

Primaten hebben veel meer grijze stof dan andere dieren in hun PFC en mensen hebben weer veel meer grijze stof dan primaten in hun PFC

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4
Q

Met welk aspect van geheugen heeft de PFC gelijkwaardige theorieën?

A

Working memory

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5
Q

Is automatisch of gecontroleerd gedrag meer een degree of een all or nothing principe?

A

Een schuivende lijn

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6
Q

Uit welke drie onderdelen bestaat de PFC?

A

-lateral surface: anterior to the premotor areas, closest to the skull
-medial surface: lies between the two hemispheres, to the front of the corpus callosum
-orbital surface: above the orbits of the eyes

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7
Q

Met welke andere brein onderdelen heeft de PFC een connectie?

A

sensory systems, cortical and subcortical motor systems, structures involved in memory and affect

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8
Q

Tussen welke regio’s van de PFC kan onderscheid gemaakt worden op basis van functional specialization?

A

-Ventrolateral
-dorsolateral
-anterior PFC
-anterior cingulate

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9
Q

Met welke hersengebieden heeft de PFC een aantal ‘loops’ lopen die gedrag aansturen?

A

Basal ganglia en thalamus

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10
Q

Wat is de rol van de PFC bij working memory?

A

-to keep information active and manipulate the active information according to current goals
-informatie zou worden opgeslagen in de posterior cortex

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11
Q

Wat houdt het hierarchical model of working memory in van Petrides?

A

-de DLPFC manipuleert en monitort
-de VLPFC maintains activity and retrieves information
-deze werken samen frontaal
-de posterior cortex wisselt informatie uit met de VLPFC
-de posterior cortex is the storage site of information en is niet-frontaal

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12
Q

Self-ordered pointing task

A

A task in which participants must point to a new object on each trial and thus maintain a working memory for previously selected items

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13
Q

Wat is test-setting?

A

Een opdracht gebruikt in intelligentie onderzoek waarbij een goal wordt gegeven en de participant zelf een oplossing moet bedenken om daar te komen, open-ended solution

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14
Q

FAS test

A

A test of verbal fluency in which participants must generate words beginning with a letter in a limited amount of time

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15
Q

Waarmee hangt schade aan de left PFC samen met problem-solving?

A

Dat ze meer beurten nodig hebben iets op te lossen

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16
Q

Waarmee hangt de DLPFC samen met problem-solving?

A

Hoe minder activiteit hoe minder moves nodig om een oplossing te vinden

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17
Q

Stroop test

A

Response interference from naming the ink color of a written color name

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18
Q

Go/No-Go test

A

A test of response inhibition in which participants must respond to a frequent stimulus but withhold a response to another stimulus

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19
Q

Impulsivity

A

A behavioral tendency to make immediate responses or seek immediate rewards

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20
Q

Wisconsin Card sorting test

A

A test of executive functions involving rule induction and rule use

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21
Q

Perseveration

A

Failure to shift away from a previous response

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22
Q

Kunnen mensen met een PFC failure ook de Wisconsin Card sorting task?

A

Nee, bij hun treed perseveration op, waardoor dit niet gaat

23
Q

Task-switching

A

Discarding a previous schema and establishing a new one

24
Q

Switch cost

A

A slowing of response time due to discarding a previous schema and setting up a new one

25
Q

Multi-tasking

A

Carrying out several tasks in succession; requires both task-switching and maintaining future goals while current goals are being dealt with

26
Q

Wanneer kunnen mensen minder goed multitasken?

A

Als ze een lesion hebben in hun PFC

27
Q

Wat houden hot en cold stimuli in?

A

-hot: control of affective or reward-related stimuli
-cold: purely cognitive stimuli

28
Q

Welk deel van het brein heeft te maken met hot cognitive control?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex en ventromedial PFC

29
Q

Welk deel van het brein heeft te maken met cold cognitive control?

A

Lateral PFC

30
Q

Reversal learning

A

Learning that a previous rewarded stimulus or response is no longer rewarded

31
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A

A proposal that emotional and bodily states associated with previous behaviors are used to influence decision making

32
Q

Waar wordt gedacht dat de Somatic Markers opgeslagen zitten in het brein?

A

De ventromedial frontal cortex

33
Q

Iowa Gambling Task

A

A task in which participants must learn to avoid risky choices (generating a net loss) in favor of less risky (and more rewarding) choices

34
Q

Wanneer kunnen mensen de Iowa Gambling task niet?

A

Als ze een lesion hebben in de orbital/ventromedial PFC, deze kunnen wel de Stroop en Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

35
Q

Welke taken kunnen mensen wel en niet als ze een lesion hebben in de lateral PFC?

A

-Wel de Iowa Gambling Task
-Niet de Stroop en Wisconsin Card Sorting task

36
Q

Sociopathy

A

A personality disorder associated with irresponsible and unreliable behavior that is not personally advantageous; an inability to form lasting commitments or relationships; egocentric thinking; and a marked degree of impulsivity

37
Q

Delay discounting (temporal discounting)

A

The tendency for future rewards to have less subjective value than the same reward received now or in the nearer future

38
Q

Welke hersendelen worden gebruikt bij ‘control or evaluation of affectively loaded stimuli’?

A

Orbitofrontal and ventromedial cortex

39
Q

Welke hersendelen worden gebruikt bij ‘control or evaluation of nonaffective stimuli’?

A

lateral PFC

40
Q

Multiple-demand network

A

A set of brain regions in the lateral prefrontal and parietal lobes activated by a large range of tasks relative to baseline

41
Q

Neuroeconomics

A

The use of neuroscientific methods and theories to account for economic decision making

42
Q

Ultimatum game

A

A two-player game in which one player proposes a split of money and a responder either accepts the money or rejects it

43
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Flexible thinking and problem-solving in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge

44
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

The ability to use prior expertise and knowledge

45
Q

Waarvoor dienen de anterior parts of the frontal lobe (rostral PFC or frontal pole)?

A

When multiple tasks need to be coordinated

46
Q

Monitoring

A

The process of relating information currently held in mind back to the task requirements

47
Q

Sustained attention

A

Maintaining focus on the task requirements over a period of time

48
Q

Waar ben je minder goed in met schade aan de linker frontal lobe?

A

problem-solving

49
Q

Waarmee hangt sustained attention samen in het brein?

A

medial regions of the frontal lobe

50
Q

Waarvoor is de linkerhelft van de PFC vooral?

A

task-setting

51
Q

Waarvoor is de rechterhelft van de PFC vooral?

A

task-monitoring

52
Q

Welk hersendeel hangt samen met het opsporen van fouten?

A

Anterior cingulate

53
Q

Error-related negativity

A

An event-related potential component in EEG that can be detected at the scalp when an error is made

54
Q

Welk hersendeel hangt samen met response conflict?

A

Anterior cingulate

Het Lerende Brein (17 decks)

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