Hoofdstuk 13 Flashcards
Ontogenetic development
evolution of the individual
Phylogenetic development
evolution of the species
Logographic
Written languages based on the one-word-one-symbol principle
Kanji
A Japanese wijting system based on the logographic principle
Kana
A Japanese wijting system in which each character denotes a syllable
Grapheme
The smallest meaningful unit of written language
Opaque orthography
A system of written language with an irregular correspondence between phonemes and graphemes
Transparant orthography
A system of written language with a regular correspondence between phonemes and graphemes
Word superiority effect
It is easier to detect the presence of a single letter pbesentented briefly if the letter is presented in the context of a word
Lexical decision
A two-way forced-choice judgment about whether a letter string is a word or not
Visual lexicon
A store of the structure of known written words
Wat houdt de visual word form area (VWFA) in?
-activeert alleen bij het zien van known letters en common letter patterns
-reageert of non-words made up of common word patterns
Pure alexia
A difficulty in reading words in which reading time increases proportionately to the length of the word
Peripheral dyslexia
Disruption of reading arising up to the level of computation of a visual word form
Central dyslexia
Disruption of reading arising after computation of a visual word form
Eye fixations
A stationary pause between eye movements
Phonological mediation
The claim that accessing the spoken forms of words is an obligatory component of understanding visually presented words
Homophone
Words that sound the same but have different meanings (and often different spellings)
Wat houdt het dual-route model in?
-a semantically based reading route in which visual words are able to access semantics directly
-a phonologically based reading route that uses known regularities between spelling patterns and phonological patterns
-the different routes may be preferentially used for different kinds of orthographic stimuli, but skilled reading will derive from a combination of both
Surface dyslectics
Ability to read nonword and regularly spelled words better than irregularly spelled words, phonological route
Phonological dyslexia
Ability to read real words better than nonwords, semantic route
Deep dyslexia
Real words are read better than nonword, and semantic errors are made in reading, both routes impaired
Developmental dyslexia
Problems in literacy acquisition that cannot be attributed to lack of opportunity, or basic sensory deficits
Phonological awareness
The ability to explicitly segment a speech stream into units such as syllables, rimes and phonemes
Wat heeft de inferior frontal lobe (Broca’s area, BA44 eb BA45) te maken met lezen?
-general task difficulty
-converting graphemes to phonemes
Wat heeft de inferior parietal lobe te maken met lezen?
-angular gyrus: verbal working memory and binding semantic concepts
-supramarginal gyrus: phonological processing
Waarvoor is de mid-temporal lobe bij lezen?
-semantic relative to phonological processing of written words
Waarvoor zijn de anterior en mid-temporal lobe bij lezen?
-supporting semantic memory
Gebruikt het brein dezelfde hersengebieden in andere talen dan Engels?
Dezelfde regio’s worden gebruikt, maar de activiteit verschilt per taal
-dual-route model lijkt ook voor andere talen op te gaan
Dysgraphia
Difficulties in spelling and writing
Graphemic buffer
A short-term memory component that maintains a string of abstract letter identities while output processes are engaged
Allograph
Letters that are specified for shape
Graph
Letters that are specified in terms of stroke order, size and direction
Afferent dysgraphia
Stroke omissions and additions in writing that may be due to poor use of visual and kinesthetic feedback
