Hoofdstuk 13

Question 1

Ontogenetic development

Answer 1

evolution of the individual

Question 2

Phylogenetic development

Answer 2

evolution of the species

Question 3

Logographic

Answer 3

Written languages based on the one-word-one-symbol principle

Question 4

Kanji

Answer 4

A Japanese wijting system based on the logographic principle

Question 5

Kana

Answer 5

A Japanese wijting system in which each character denotes a syllable

Question 6

Grapheme

Answer 6

The smallest meaningful unit of written language

Question 7

Opaque orthography

Answer 7

A system of written language with an irregular correspondence between phonemes and graphemes

Question 8

Transparant orthography

Answer 8

A system of written language with a regular correspondence between phonemes and graphemes

Question 9

Word superiority effect

Answer 9

It is easier to detect the presence of a single letter pbesentented briefly if the letter is presented in the context of a word

Question 10

Lexical decision

Answer 10

A two-way forced-choice judgment about whether a letter string is a word or not

Question 11

Visual lexicon

Answer 11

A store of the structure of known written words

Question 12

Wat houdt de visual word form area (VWFA) in?

Answer 12

-activeert alleen bij het zien van known letters en common letter patterns
-reageert of non-words made up of common word patterns

Question 13

Pure alexia

Answer 13

A difficulty in reading words in which reading time increases proportionately to the length of the word

Question 14

Peripheral dyslexia

Answer 14

Disruption of reading arising up to the level of computation of a visual word form

Question 15

Central dyslexia

Answer 15

Disruption of reading arising after computation of a visual word form

Question 16

Eye fixations

Answer 16

A stationary pause between eye movements

Question 17

Phonological mediation

Answer 17

The claim that accessing the spoken forms of words is an obligatory component of understanding visually presented words

Question 18

Homophone

Answer 18

Words that sound the same but have different meanings (and often different spellings)

Question 19

Wat houdt het dual-route model in?

Answer 19

-a semantically based reading route in which visual words are able to access semantics directly
-a phonologically based reading route that uses known regularities between spelling patterns and phonological patterns
-the different routes may be preferentially used for different kinds of orthographic stimuli, but skilled reading will derive from a combination of both

Question 20

Surface dyslectics

Answer 20

Ability to read nonword and regularly spelled words better than irregularly spelled words, phonological route

Question 21

Phonological dyslexia

Answer 21

Ability to read real words better than nonwords, semantic route

Question 22

Deep dyslexia

Answer 22

Real words are read better than nonword, and semantic errors are made in reading, both routes impaired

Question 23

Developmental dyslexia

Answer 23

Problems in literacy acquisition that cannot be attributed to lack of opportunity, or basic sensory deficits

Question 24

Phonological awareness

Answer 24

The ability to explicitly segment a speech stream into units such as syllables, rimes and phonemes

Question 25

Wat heeft de inferior frontal lobe (Broca’s area, BA44 eb BA45) te maken met lezen?

Answer 25

-general task difficulty
-converting graphemes to phonemes

Question 26

Wat heeft de inferior parietal lobe te maken met lezen?

Answer 26

-angular gyrus: verbal working memory and binding semantic concepts
-supramarginal gyrus: phonological processing

Question 27

Waarvoor is de mid-temporal lobe bij lezen?

Answer 27

-semantic relative to phonological processing of written words

Question 28

Waarvoor zijn de anterior en mid-temporal lobe bij lezen?

Answer 28

-supporting semantic memory

Question 29

Gebruikt het brein dezelfde hersengebieden in andere talen dan Engels?

Answer 29

Dezelfde regio’s worden gebruikt, maar de activiteit verschilt per taal
-dual-route model lijkt ook voor andere talen op te gaan

Question 30

Dysgraphia

Answer 30

Difficulties in spelling and writing

Question 31

Graphemic buffer

Answer 31

A short-term memory component that maintains a string of abstract letter identities while output processes are engaged

Question 32

Allograph

Answer 32

Letters that are specified for shape

Question 33

Graph

Answer 33

Letters that are specified in terms of stroke order, size and direction

Question 34

Afferent dysgraphia

Answer 34

Stroke omissions and additions in writing that may be due to poor use of visual and kinesthetic feedback