Hoofdstuk 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Dyscalculia

A

Difficulties in understanding numbers; calculation difficulties

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2
Q

Place value system

A

A system of writing numbers in which the quantity is determined by its place in the written string

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3
Q

Habituation

A

In infant studies, old or familiar objects receive less attention

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4
Q

Violation of expectancy

A

Infants look longer at unexpected events

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5
Q

Counting

A

The process of putting each item in a collection in one-to-one correspondence with a number or some other internal/external tally

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6
Q

Waarom is het makkelijker het verschil te zien tussen 10 en 15 dan tussen 20 en 30?

A

The system for processing numbers in less precise for larger set sizes

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7
Q

Subitizing

A

The capacity to enumerate an exact quantity of objects without counting them

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8
Q

Distance effect

A

It is harder to decide which of two numbers is larger when te distance between them is small

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9
Q

Size effect

A

It is easier to state which number is larger when the numbers are small relative to large even when te distance between them is the same

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10
Q

Number neurons

A

Neurons that respond preferentially to particular set sizes

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11
Q

Waar worden Number neurons gevonden in het brein?

A

parietal lobes (vooral intraprietal sulcuc), PFC

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12
Q

Welk verschil in hersenactiviteit is er bij volwassen en kinderen als er paren van getallen worden vergeleken?

A

-bij kinderen meer activiteit in de PFC
-bij volwassenen meer activiteit in de intraparietal sulcus

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13
Q

Wat voor functies heeft de intraparietal sulcus bij volwassenen?

A

-vergelijken van paren getallen
-perform calculations
-number comparison
-comparisons of angles and line lengths

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14
Q

Welk deel van de hersenen heeft een dysfunction bij dyscalculie?

A

The parietal lobes

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15
Q

Mental number line

A

An internal analogue/continuous scale (like a line) used for comparing both discrete and continuous quantities

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16
Q

SNARC effect (spatial numerical association of response codes)

A

If people are asked to make judgements about numbers, they are faster with their left hand for small numbers but faster with their right hand for large numbers

17
Q

Number forms

A

Stable mental images of the number sequence reported by a minority of the population

18
Q

Worden number-space associations opgeslagen in een spatiele code?

A

Nee, ze worden gevormd door aandacht en working memory, ze worden gevormd door de specifieke taak

19
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

A set of four deficits believed to be associated with damage to the left parietal lobe (acalculia, finger agnosia, agriphia and left-right disorientation)

20
Q

Transcoding

A

The means by which one symbol is translated into another of a different type

21
Q

Wat houdt het number processing model in van McCloskey et al?

A

-Onderscheid tussen arabica nummers en verbale begrippen (acht keer acht, ipv 8x8)
-Deze zaken worden begrepen door het numeral comprehensions mechanism
-Worden verwerkt door abstract internal representation gecombineerd met calculation mechanisms
-Vervolgens wordt het antwoord gevormd door numeral production mechanisms

22
Q

Waar staan de triple codes voor in het Triple-Code Model?

A
  1. semantic magnitude representation
  2. verbal store of arithmetical facts
  3. visual representation for recognizing numerals and that acts as a workbench for performing calculation
23
Q

Waar is de semantic magnitude representation in het brein te vinden?

A

De intraparietale sulcus, bilaterally

24
Q

Waar is de verbal store in het brein te vinden?

A

Left angular gyrus

25
Q

Waar is de visuele representatie in het brein te vinden?

A

Fusiform gyrus, bilaterally

26
Q

Wat zijn de verschillen tussen het McCloskey Model en het Dehaene’s Triple-Code Model?

A

-cognitief en neuro
-number size als base-10 units, number size is logarithmically
-verschillende wegen voor verschillende bewerkingen, geen verschillende wegen
-semantische (abstracte) representatie, soms los van semantisch (verbal fact)
-transcoding gebeurd semantically, transcoding gebeurd niet semantically

27
Q

Wanneer wordt de left angular gyrus wel en niet actief?

A

-meer actief met multiplication dan subtraction
-meer actief bij kleine getallen dan bij grote
-het ophalen van rekenfeiten, niet bij het aanleren

28
Q

Number form area (NFA)

A

A region in the fusiform cortex that responds, in brain imaging, to numerals more than letters