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homeostasis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintainance, constant internal environment -> optimum for physiological processes in body

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2
Q

which of the following (capillaries/arterioles/venules/arteries/veins) usually vasodilate?

A
  • arterioles
  • arteries

capillaries cannot vasoconstrict/dilate, coz’ one-cell thick wall

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3
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

process
receptor detect, restoration, internal env. to norm, stimulate effector, reduce intensity -> homeostatic corrective mechanism

e.g. after ADH has done its work the negative feedback loop causes levels of ADH secreted to return back to normal

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4
Q

what is uric acid

A

urine excretory product

can write for urine excretory product.

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5
Q

define homeostasis involving the nervous system only [4]

A
  • maintainance of constant internal env.
  • self-regulatory process, receptor detects change in internal env. -> send signal to effector organs -> corrective mechanism -> restore internal env. to norm
  • when normal point acheived -> negative feedback
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6
Q

hormones are for homeostasis only. True or false?

A

False
- homeostasis
- reproduction
- metabolism

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7
Q

Define hormone. [4]

A
  • chemical substance
  • produce by endocrine gland
  • secrete in minute quantities directly -> bloodstream, transported by bloodstream to one/more effector organs
  • hormone exerts it’s effect -> destroyed in liver to prevent excessive stimulation of effector organs

composition: protein, fats

substance
production
transport
excretion/how get rid of

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8
Q

all hormones are protein. True or false?

A

False
- some protein
- some fatty in nature

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9
Q

characteristics of endocrine gland

A

ductless gland;
secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

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10
Q

enzyme v. hormones

A

enzymes
- increase rate of biochemical reaction

hormones
- chemical substance
(produce endocrine gland)
- targets effector organ

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11
Q

2 conditions that anything needs to maintain homeostasis

A
  • body must be able to detect changes
  • set in place series of actions -> regulate, return internal env. of body to ideal state

not so fun fact about keywords
- ideal state: no need define anything
- normal conc.: must define what “normal” is -> e.g. concentration in a healthy person?

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12
Q

2 systems that play cruicial roles in homeostasis for humans

A
  • hormonal
  • nervous
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13
Q

two parts of nervous system + their parts

A
  • Central Nervous System (brain+spinal cord)
  • Periphial Nervous System (cranial, spinal nerves, sense organs)
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14
Q

what is the function of nervous system

A

co-ordinate, regulate bodily funct.

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15
Q

what is stimulus

A

any change in internal/external env. -> elicits response from organism

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16
Q

where are cranial and spinal nerves located?

A

cranial: near brain
spinal: near spine

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17
Q

what is voluntary action?

A

deliberate action, elicit by nerve impulses, generated by brain under conscious control

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18
Q

which organ detects blood glucose levels above/below norm?

A

pancreas

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19
Q

4 examples of endocrine gland

A
  • pitutary
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • islets of Langerharn
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20
Q

what is reflex action?

A

immediate response -> specific stimulus, w/o conscious control

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21
Q

voluntary action and reflex action similarities

A
  • involve effector carry out action
  • transmission of nerve impulses within nervous system
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22
Q

voluntary action and reflex action differences

A

Voluntary:
- neurons in brain generate nerve impulses
- Under conscious control

Involuntary:
- receptors in sense organ generate nerve impulses
- need stimulus

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23
Q

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 17

fill in the blanks

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 18

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24
Q

no need label

visualise 1 sensory neuron, 1 relay neuron and 1 motor neuron as well as direction of nervous impulses

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 19

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25
Q

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 20 fill the blanks

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 21

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26
Q

where are sensory neurons found at?

A

At sense organs, where receptors will trigger nerve impulses

(i.e. skin’s pain receptors detect a bee sting, send nerve impulses)

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27
Q

where are relay neurons found at?

A

Spinal cord, brain

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28
Q

where are motor neurons found at?

A

motor end plate (i.e. muscles)

  • motor end plate is essentially the target tissue that has to act in order to achieve something. (e.g. biceps muscles to act in order to cause hand to move backwards)
  • Only use of neurons where the action is reflex/not purely endocrinal

e.g. for ADH secretion there is no nervous system involved

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29
Q

how does pain lead to an action? explain with the nervous system

A
  • (receptor) in (sensory organ) detect (stimulus/change in ext. environment), generate nerve impulses
  • nerve impulses transmit along sensory neurone -> (CNS) -> pass across synapse -> relay neurone
  • another synapse -> motor neurone, that transmits nerve impulses from (CNS) to (effector)
  • at same time, nerve impulses transmitted via relay neurone -> brain, allow perception of pain
  • (muscles/glands) (contract/secrete (hormone)) causing (action)

keyword stuff
nerve impulses are transmitted along neurones, nerve impulses travel across synapses

TAKE NOTE
- BULLET PT 4 ONLY IF HAVE PAIN!!
- Pain is together w/ motor neurone nerve impulse
- All brackets have to be filled based on context
- Endocrinal glands do not use any nervous signals (i.e. pitutary gland secrete ADH directly into bloodstream, no nervous signals involved in ADH secretion)

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30
Q

types of receptors

A

common: osmo, thermo, pain

others: photo,baro,chemo

31
Q

e.g. qn: Describe and explain what happens when a pin pricks the hand

A
  • pain receptors in skin detect pin prick, generate nerve impulses
  • nerve impulses, transmit along sensory neurone -> spinal cord -> pass across synapse -> relay neurone
  • another synapse -> motor neurone, that transmits nerve impulses from spinal cord -> effector muscles in arm
  • at same time, nerve impulses transmit via relay neurone -> brain, allow perception of pain
  • biceps contract -> hand move away from pin

nerve impulses are transmitted along neurones, nerve impulses travel across synapses

32
Q

how to decide if relay neurone transmit signal to which CNS?

A

above neck: brain
below neck: spinal cord
osmo/thermo: ALWAYS HYPOTHALAMUS
vague i.e. skin: brain or spinal cord

when is brain and spinal cord involved?
- draw it out - if the effector is below head it requires a relay neurone

33
Q

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit what tissue/organ is this? (page 22)

A

spinal cord

34
Q

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit (page 23) label all

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit (page 24)

35
Q

does thermoregulation involve nervous system?

What is the:
- receptors
- sense organ
- stimulus
- CNS
- effector
- glands
- horomes
- action

in thermoregulation of skin when temperature is hot?

A

yes
- thermoreceptors
- skin
- increase in skin temperature
- hypothalamus
- effector tissues in skin
- sweat glands
- NONE
- vasodilation, sweat glands more active

36
Q

how does nerve impulses travel from skin to effector when surface temp. increase?

A
  1. thermoreceptors (receptor) in skin (sensory organ) detect increase temperature(stimulus) generate nerve impulse, transmit along sensory neuron -> spinal cord,
    pass across synapse -> relay neuron
  2. Nerve impulses transmit along relay neurone -> hypothalamus (CNS)
  3. The hypothalamus (CNS) elicits themoregulative corrective mechanism thru generate nerve impulse transmit along relay neurone down spinal cord
  4. Nerve impulse pass across synapse -> motor neurone, trasmit nerve
    impulses, spinal cord -> effector tissues (effector) in skin

effector glands = secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

nerve impulses are transmitted along neurones, nerve impulses travel across synapses

torturous = pain receptor

37
Q

corrective mechanism + negative feedback loop when its too hot

A

Arterioles under skin ->
a. undergo vasodilation -> increase blood flow in capillaries near surface of skin -> increase heat loss via c, c, r
b. Sweat glands become more active , secrete more sweat -> more
water evaporates from surface of skin, remove latent heat of vaporisation.

decrease skin temp. -> normal, stimulate hypothalamus, reduce intensity, thermoregulation corrective
mechanism thru negative feedback loop

c, c, r -> conduction, convection, radiation

Negative Feedback:
process
receptor detect, restoration, internal env. to norm, stimulate effector, reduce intensity -> homeostatic corrective mechanism

38
Q

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 25

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 26

39
Q

what is the receptor that detects a rise/fall in core temperature?

A

thermoreceptors (hypothalamus)

40
Q

what is receptor that detects a rise/fall in shell temperature?

A

thermoreceptors (skin)

41
Q

what is CNS of thermoreception

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

Nerve impulses medium of transport

A

neurones

british spelling neurones

example of neurones: sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone

43
Q

specific effectors that nerve impulses reach when its too cold

specific effectors are the named ones, not the vague ones like “effector tissue”

A
  • skeletal muscles (shivering)
  • skin
44
Q

think of the effectors when its too cold first

corrective mechanism + negative feedback loop when its too cold

A

Arterioles under skin ->
a. undergo vasoconstriction -> decrease blood flow in capillaries near surface of skin -> decrease heat loss via c, c, r
b. Hair erector muscles, contract, body hair stand on ends, trap layer (air, poor conductor heat), reduce heat loss, c,c

Skeletal muscles ->
shivering (uncontrolled muscle contractions)
increased rate, respiration
more heat released (by-product)

45
Q

example of hormone-coordinated homeostasis

A

ADH coordinate osmoregulation

46
Q

example of endocrinal gland and it’s function

A

ovaries
- ductless;
- secrete oestrogen, progesterone directly -> bloodstream
- effector, uterine lining, coordinate changes, menstrual cycle

add o behind, its british spelling.

47
Q

what is diabetes mellitus? [2]

A
  • disease, body unable regulate blood glucose conc within normal limits
  • unstored excess glucose, excreted -> urine

essentially its diabetes

48
Q

Type 1 Diabetes risk factors, what happens to body when someone has it

A

risk
- genetic factors
what happens
- islets of Langerharns, unable produce enough insulin

49
Q

treatment/ways to cope with type 1 diabetes

A
  • keep ready supply, sugary food
  • insulin injections
50
Q

Type 2 Diabetes risk factors, what happens to body when someone has it

A

risk
- genetic predisposition
- high caloric diet, lacking exercise worsens
what happens to body
- effector cells, insensitive (insulin), continuously higher than norm blood glucose conc.

define predisposition
higher tendency to act a certain way

51
Q

type 1 vs type 2 diabetes differences

A

type1
- early-onset diabetes
- genetic condition

type2
- late-onset diabetes
- genetic predeposition
- high caloric diet, lacking exercise worsens

52
Q

Type 2 diabetes treatment

A

control blood sugar levels, dieting, exercising

53
Q

what stimulus can cause rise in blood glucose levels?

A

carbohydrate-rich meal

54
Q

what stimulus can cause fall in blood glucose levels?

A

vigorous exercise
starvation

55
Q

what receptor detects rise/fall in blood glucose levels?

A

pancreas

56
Q

what is the endocrinal gland that acts when blood glucose level is low/high? what does it secrete?

A

pancreas
high: insulin
low: glucagon

in: glucose in
gon: glycogen gone

57
Q

what are the effector organs of insulin?

-

A
  • liver
  • muscles
58
Q

what are the effector organs of glucagon?

A
  • liver
59
Q

what are corrective mechanisms for?

A

restore () to norm

60
Q

what is the corrective mechanism when high blood glucose levels?

A
  • target cells increase uptake, glucose
  • glucose -> glycogen
  • increase rate, cellular respiration
61
Q

what is the corrective mechanism when low blood glucose levels?

A
  • convert glycogen -> glucose
  • gluconeogenesis
  • release glucose -> bloodstream
62
Q

hormones vs nervous (signal involved)

A
  • nerve impulses
  • hormones

nervous bold
hormone non bold

63
Q

hormones vs nervous (nature of signal)

A
  • electrical
  • chemical

nervous bold
hormone non bold

64
Q

hormones vs nervous (means of transmission)

A
  • via neurones
  • via bloodstream

nervous bold
hormone non bold

65
Q

hormones vs nervous (rate of response)

A
  • fast
  • slower

nervous bold
hormone non bold

66
Q

hormones vs nervous (range of effect)

A
  • located, specific organ/tissues
  • widespread (multiple organs/systems)

nervous bold
hormone non bold

67
Q

hormones vs nervous (control)

A
  • voluntary/involuntary
  • involuntary

nervous bold
hormone non bold

68
Q

hormones vs nervous (length of effect)

A
  • short lived
  • short lived(e.g. insulin)/long-term (growth hormones)

nervous bold
hormone non bold

69
Q

hormones vs nervous all differences

A
  • signal involved
  • nature of signal
  • means of transmission of signal
  • rate of response
  • range of effect
  • control
  • length of effect

use this card to recall all

70
Q

can spinal cord elicit voluntary action

A

nope lol.

71
Q

where are relay neurones found?

A
  • CNS
  • from bottom of spinal cord to brain
72
Q

what kind of action is it called if your receptors is involved but not life-threatening?

A

response action

73
Q

what does brain do to make meaning out of stuff

A
  • process nerve impulse
74
Q

brain diagram
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0 page 1

scroll down for ans

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0
page 1, scroll down

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