ch14 flower leaf and stuff nutrients transport

Question 1

limiting factors in photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is enzyme-catalysed

Answer 1

carbon dioxide conc., temperature, light intensity

water not limiting factor?
- we made of 90% water, alw. in excess

pH seldom limiting factor?
- lol when will a plant change pH environment? it cant move after all.

Question 2

photosynthesis word, chem eqn

Answer 2

carbon dioxide + water -(light, chlorophyll)-> glucose + oxygen

chem
6CO2 + 6H2O (light,chlorophyll) → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 3

light dependant stage characteristics

Answer 3

1. chlorophyll absorb light energy
2. light energy used, photolysis, water, form o2 gas, hydrogen ions, ATP
3. hence, light energy -> chemical potential energy (ATP)

ATP is a form of chemical potential energy

Question 4

light independant stage
characteristics

Answer 4

chemical potential energy (ATP), reduction of co2 with hydrogen ions -> glucose

Question 5

fates of glucose

Answer 5

• used directly, respiration
• convert -> cellulose
• convert -> sucrose
• convert -> starch
• convert -> fats
• convert -> amino acid

Question 6

fate of glucose
d___ -> r____

Answer 6

direct -> respiration
release energy, biochemical reaction

Question 7

fate of glucose
c__ -> c___

Answer 7

convert -> cellulose
synthesise cell wall, mechanical protection, cell

Question 8

fate of glucose
c___ -> s___
c___ -> s___

Answer 8

convert -> sucrose
for transport, phloem, leaves -> all parts, plant
convert -> starch
storage

Question 9

fate of glucose
c__ -> f___

Answer 9

convert -> fats
storage
synthesise protoplasm (i.e. cell surface membrane)

Question 10

fate of glucose
c__ -> a__ a__

Answer 10

convert -> amino acids
synthesise protoplasm (i.e. cell surface membrane)

Question 11

leaf struct (from top to bottom)

Answer 11

1. cuticle
2. upper epidermis
3. mesophyll layer
4. palisade mesophyll layer
5. spongy mesophyll layer
6. guard cells
7. stoma (singular)

Question 12

cuticle struct

Answer 12

waxy, waterproof layer

Question 13

cuticle funct

Answer 13

prevent excessive water loss, evaporation

Question 14

upper/lower epidermis struct

Answer 14

single layer, transparent cells, no chloroplasts
thicker cell walls

Question 15

upper/lower epidermis

Answer 15

allow light pass through -> mesophyll layer
mechanical protection, leaf

Question 16

mesophyll layer struct

Answer 16

palisade + spongy mesophyll cells
thin lining moisture, surrounding cell wall

Question 17

mesophyll layer funct

Answer 17

allow gas, co2, dissolve before diffusing, cells

Question 18

palisade mesophyll struct

Answer 18

elongated, cylindrical cells
closely pakced

Question 19

palisade mesophyll cells funct

Answer 19

max absorption light energy
photosynthesis

Question 20

spongy mesophyll layer struct

Answer 20

irregularly shaped cells
loosely packed

VASCULAR BUNDLE
2. xylem
3. phloem

Question 21

spongy mesophyll layer
funct

Answer 21

1. create intracellular air spaces
   faster diffusion, gases like co2
   within leaf
2. phloem transports sucrose, amino acids leaves -> all parts plant
3. xylem transports water, mineral salts roots -> leaves, photosynthesis

photosynthetates -> raw materials for photosynthesis

Question 22

magnesium ions for

Answer 22

essential, synthesis of chlorophyll

Question 23

guard cells struct

Answer 23

contain chloroplasts
cell wall, uneven thickness
can change shape
by altering turgidity, cell

Question 24

guard cells funct

Answer 24

controls opening, closing stomata (PLURAL)

Question 25

stoma (**SINGULAR**) struct

Answer 25

small pore surrounded, pair, guard cells

Question 26

stoma (**SINGULAR**) funct

Answer 26

gases like co2 diffuse in, out, leaf

Question 27

transpiration

Answer 27

1. loss, water vapour aerial parts, plant especially from **stomata** of leaves 2. inevitable consequence, gaseous exchange, plants

Question 28

translocation

Answer 28

1. via phloem, transport, sucrose, amino acids, leaves -> other parts, plant

Question 29

appearance, **xylem vessels**

Answer 29

large, hollow cells thicker walls visible lumen

Question 30

appearance, **Phloem** sieve tube element

Answer 30

smaller compact cells

Question 31

2 struct of xylem

Answer 31

1. no protoplasm, cross walls, hence hollow 2. cell wall strengthen w/ lignin (strong, rigid)

Question 32

xylem adaptation n__ p__, c__ w__ h__ h__

Answer 32

**no protoplasm, cross walls, hence hollow** - reduce resistance, flow of materials - faster transport, water, dissolved mineral salts - roots -> other parts, plant

Question 33

xylem adaptation c__ w__ s__ w/ l__ (s__, r__)

Answer 33

**cell wall strengthen w/ lignin (strong, rigid)** 1. mechanical support, plant 2. prevent xylem vessel collapse, negative pressure generated -> transpiration pull

Question 34

phloem sieve tube element struct

Answer 34

1. sieve tube elements, reduced cytoplasm, perforated cross walls 2. companion cell, numerous mitochondria

Question 35

is osmosis for water vapor?

Answer 35

no liquid water only

Question 36

phloem s__ t__ e__, r__ c__, p___ c__ w__

Answer 36

**sieve tube elements, reduced cytoplasm, perforated cross walls** 1. reduce resistance, flow of materials 2. faster translocation, photosynthetates -> sieve tube element, active transport

Question 37

phloem

Answer 37

**companion cell, numerous mitochondria** 1. release energy 2. loading of photosynthetates, sieve tube element 3. by active transport

Question 38

root pressure

Answer 38

1. endodermis, root -(pump)-> xylem vessels, mineral salts by active transport 2. generating region of lower water potential in xylem 3. water moves from soil down water potential gradient through cells, cortex -> xylem by osmosis 4. generate region, high hydrostatic pressure -> xylem (**root pressure**) 5. root pressure push water, dissolved mineral salts up xylem

Question 39

capillarity

Answer 39

1. intermolecular force, attraction exist btwn molecules 2. forces of **adhesion** btwn water molecules, cellulose cell walls, move water slightly up xylem vessel 3. forces of **cohesion** pull water, **continuous column** up xylem vessel

Question 40

transpiration pull

Answer 40

Where cont. flow of water, generate suction force (**transpiration pull**), draw water, **dissolved** mineral salts up xylem vessels, roots -> leaves 1. water move, xylem vessel -> surrounding **spongy** mesophyll cells down water potential gradient by osmosis 2. water moves out of mesophyll cells by osmosis, replace water lost from surface of mesophyll cell 3. in intraceullular air spaces, water from SoMC evaporate -> water vapor 4. water vapor move, intercellular air spaces -> external env by diffusion thru stoma 5. **transpiration**: loss of water vapor, stomata of leaves

Question 41

when does wilting occur

Answer 41

1. rate of water loss, plant by **transpiration** > rate of water intake, plant through roots 2. result, excessive water loss, cells -> flaccid

Question 42

2 effects of transpiration on plant cells

Answer 42

1. guard cells, flaccid -> stomata close 2. mesophyll cells, flaccid -> leaves curl up

Question 43

**WILTING** advantages of s__ c__

Answer 43

**stomata close** prevent further water loss, transpiration ## Footnote guard cells, flaccid

Question 44

**WILTING** disadvantages of s__ c__

Answer 44

**stomata close** reduced intake, co2, reduced rate, photosynthesis ## Footnote guard cells, flaccid

Question 45

**WILTING** advantages of l__ c__ u__

Answer 45

**leaves curl up** 1. trap layer of moisture near stomata 2. reduce further water loss by transpiration 3. reduce exposed surface area => solar radiation, leaves cool down ## Footnote mesophyll cells, flaccid

Question 46

**WILTING** disadvantages of l__ c__ u__

Answer 46

1. decreases rate of transpiration 2. decreases amt of water transported up the xylem 3. decreases exposed surface area -> light 4. decreases rate of photosynthesis

Question 47

4 variables that varies rate of transpiration

Answer 47

1. air movement 2. temperature 3. humidity 4. light intensity

Question 48

increase rate of transpiration a___ m__

Answer 48

**air movement** 1. increased air movement, increased rate, transpiration 2. wind carry water vapor away, surface of leaves 3. steeper conc. gradient water vapour, inside, outside, leaves 4. increase rate, diffusion, water vapor molecules -> outside leaf, via stomata

Question 49

decrease rate of transpiration h___

Answer 49

**humidity** 1. increased humidity, decrease rate, transpiration 2. increase conc., water vapor, outside leaves 3. less steep, conc. gradient, water vapor btwn inside, outside leaves 4. decrease rate, diffusion of water vapor molecules -> stomata

Question 50

increase rate of transpiration t____

Answer 50

**temp** 1. increased temp, increase rate, transpiration 2. increase rate, evaporation, water from surface, mesophyll cells 3. increase rate, diffusion, water vapor -> stomata

Question 51

increase rate of transpiration l___ i___

Answer 51

**light intensity** 1. increase light intensity, increase rate, transpiration 2. more stomata, open 3. increase rate, diffusion, water vapor molecules -> outside, leaves via stomata

Question 52

leaf structure label

Answer 52

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0 page 38

Question 53

stuff are transported in plant in what form

Answer 53

amino acids, glucose, mineral salts dissolved in water, transported as soln,