ch7 breathe Flashcards
contract: thicker, shorter. Relax: thinner, longer
Aerobic respiration equation
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ huge amount of energy)
Anaerobic respiration in humans equation
glucose -> lactic acid (+ small amount of energy)
Similarity between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans
Substrate used
Glucose
Both energy release
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans
-
OXYGEN REQUIREMENT
Aerobic: requires
Anaerobic: Does not require -
PRODUCTS FORMED
aerobic: carbon dioxide + water
anaerobic in humans: lactic acid -
AMT OF ENERGY RELEASED
aerobic: large
anaerobic: small
LINK BACK
aerobic eq: oxygen + glucose -> water + carbon dioxide
anaerobic in humans eq: glucose -> lactic acid
Describe what happens in lungs, muscles, heart during rest
- low muscle activity
- basal breathing rate,
- basal heart rate, supply sufficient oxygen, muscles
CHALLENGE
Can you describe what happens to the heart during rest?
2 respirations are involved.
Describe what happens in the lungs and muscles during strenuous exercise
VERY LOng!!!! :( 5 parts cry
Remember how u were during the run during bio class that time
- Vigorous muscle contractions, require energy, energetic demands increase rapidly;
- breathing rate, heart rate increases, to supply more oxygen, glucose, to muscles, for higher rate, aerobic respiration, sustain energetic demands,
- breathing rate, heart rate, do not increase fast enough, demand for oxygen, exceed supply of oxygen
- muscle cells carries out anaerobic respiration, release energy, keep up with energetic demands
- anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid as a metabolic waste product, body said to incur oxygen debt
- can lift off from aerobic respiration definition in Ch1
more glucose and oxygen, higher rate of aerobic respiration, sustain energetic demands
Remember how u were during the run
Describe and explain what happens in the lungs, heart, muscles after strenuous exercise
HEART
1. heart rate remains high
2. transport lactic acid, muscles → liver, via bloodstream
3. transport oxygen, lungs → liver via bloodstream
4. metabolism, lactic acid
LUNGS + MUSCLES
1. breathing remains deep, rapid
2. increase supply oxygen → liver cells
3. metabolism, lactic acid
lactic acid removed from body → oxygen debt repaid
metabolism is a type of detoxification.
When is oxygen debt repaid?
When lactic acid is removed from the body
what are lungs made out of? what are they surrounded by?
Lungs made of alveoli
Lungs, surrounded by muscles
why does heart rate remain high after exercise?
transport lactic acid from muscles, oxygen from lungs to the liver via bloodstream
Describe and explain the breathing rate of a person after exercise.
remains deep and rapid
supply oxygen -> liver cells for
metabolism of lactic acid
Respiratory System from top to bottom (exclude mouth, nose)
larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveolus
internal intercostal muscle
external intercostal muscle
diaphragm
structure of the epithelial cell and goblet cell of the trachea and bronchus
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 8
** not structural adaptation, but structure.
structure of the trachea
walls contain C-shaped rings of cartilage
inner walls contain epithelial, goblet cells
structure of the bronchi + bronchioles
inner walls contain epithelial and goblet cells
function of the structure of trachea (W___ c___ c___s___ R____ O___ C___)
walls contain C-shaped rings of cartilage
keep lumen of trachea open
remember to explain abt cilla
function of the structure of bronchioles, bronchi, trachea (i___ w___ c___ g___ a___ e___ c___)
inner walls contain epithelial, goblet cells
- goblet cells secrete mucus, trap foreign bodies
- epithelial cells, have cilla -> sweep mucus, trapped particles
- up respiratory tract -> pharynx, mucus coughed out/swallowed
alveoli adaptations
- numerous alveoli
- inner walls of alveoli, blood capillaries, one-cell thick
- constant blood flow, blood capillaries
- thin film of moisture (inner walls)
alveoli adaptation function (N__ A___)
numerous alveoli
increase SA:vol ratio, increase rate of exchange of gases, by diffusion
alveoli adaptation function (i___ w___ o___ a___, b___ c___, o___-c__ t__)
inner walls of alveoli, blood capillaries, one cell thick
- reduce distance between oxygen, carbon dioxide needing to diffuse
- increase rate of exchange of gases
** Diffusion mentioned above, so no need mention “by diffusion” again in the 2nd point
alveoli adaptation function (c___ b___ f___, b___ c___)
constant blood flow, blood capillaries
- maintain steep concentration gradient of gases, between alveoli + bloodstream
- increase rate of exchange of gases by diffusion
Always link back to what the adaptations usually do: Increase rate of <>
alveoli adaptation function (t___ f___ o___ M___ (i___ w___))
thin film of moisture (inner walls)
allows oxygen gas, dissolve, diffuse -> bloodstream
how does inspiration occur?
inspiration
- diaphragm muscle contracts, flattens
- external intercostal muscles contract
- internal intercostal muscles relax
- ribs move outwards, upwards
- volume o/ chest increase
- Pressure in alveoli decrease below atmospheric pressure
- air forced into alveoli by surrounding air
LINK
contract: thick, short, diagphram pushed down (flattened)
how does expiration occur?
- diagphram muscles relaxes, arches upwards
- external intercostal muscles relax
- internal intercostal muscles contract
- ribs move downwards, inwards
- volume of chest decreases
- pressure in alveoli increase above atmospheric pressure
- air forced out of alveoli -> surrounding air
LINK
flatten: thinner, longer, diagphram arches up
give exact number
inspired air vs expired air oxygen composition
inspired air: 21%
expired air: 16%
inspired air vs expired air carbon dioxide composition
inspired air: 0.03%
expired air: 4.0%
inspired air vs expired air nitrogen
inspired air: 78%
expired air: 78%
inspired air vs expired air water vapour
inspired: depends on atmosphere
expired: saturated
no specific %tage for both.
inspired no %tage as it depends if air is dry or air is moist
expired no %tage as it has a huge range but definetly more saturated in water vapour than inspired air
inspired air vs expired air dust particles
inspired: varies
expired: negligible
expired air very little dust as it comes into contact w/ mucus
gaseous exchange of oxygen at lungs
- higher conc. of oxygen in inhaled air than bloodstream
- oxygen dissolve in thin film of moisture on inner wall, alveoli
- oxygen diffuses into blood capillaries -> red blood cell
- oxygen bind w/ deoxyhaemoglobin in red blood cell -> oxyhaemoglobin
- oxygen carried by haemoglobin in RBC from lungs -> other parts, body
gaseous exchange of co2, bloodstream -> lungs
- lower conc. of co2 in inhaled air than bloodstream
- Carbon dioxide diffuses down concentration gradient from bloodstream -> alveolar air space
- Carbon dioxide excreted in exhaled air
Format of gaseous exchange
declare conc. comparison
declare diffusion
declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)
gaseous exchange of co2 in body tissues
- higher conc. co2 in body cells than bloodstream
- Carbon dioxide diffuses body cells -> blood capillaries
- Carbon dioxide carried in blood plasma as hydrogen carbonate ions -> lungs where it is excreted
Format of gaseous exchange
declare conc. comparison
declare diffusion
declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)
gaseous exchange of oxygen in body tissues
- higher conc. of oxygen in bloodstream than respiring cells
- oxygen diffuse red blood cell -> blood plasma into body cells
Format of gaseous exchange
declare conc. comparison
declare diffusion
declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)
imagine alveoli + capillary
picture the:
- gaseous exchange in and out
- diffusion of gases in and out
- blood flow
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 8
what chemicals found in smoke
- nicotine
- carbon monoxide
- tar
- irritants
2 properties of nicotine
- promotes release, adrenaline
- increase risk, blood clot form in arteries
short term
effect on body from nicotine’s property: i___ r___, b___ c___ f__ i___ a__
increase risk, blood clot form in arteries
- narrow lumen of arteries
- reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, nutrients -> body cells (affected areas)
how does nicotine’s “p___ r___ o___ a___” affect the body in long-term?
promotes release of adrenaline
- cause addiction to smoking
short term
effect on body from nicotine’s property (p__ r__, a___)
promote release, adrenaline
- increased heart rate, blood pressure
different from carbon monoxide’s one
how does nicotine’s “i___ r___, b___ c___ f__ i___ a__” affect the body in the long-term?
increases rate, blood clot, form in arteries
Increase risk:
- coronary heart disease
- stroke (arteries leading to brain)
- slower foetal development (arteries leading to placenta)
“leading to” is included coz’ its the arteries that lead to organ that transports the oxygen, glucose through bloodstream
2 properties of carbon monoxide
- increased risk, deposition, fatty materials along inner walls of () arteries
- binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood
carbon monoxide’s property (i__ r__ d__, f__ m___ a___ i__ w__ o__ a__) effect on body in the short-term
increased risk, deposition, fatty materials along inner walls of arteries
- narrow lumen of arteries
- reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, nutrients -> body cells (affected areas)
carbon monoxide’s property (i__ r__ d__, f__ m___ a___ i__ w__ o__ a__) effect on body in the short-term
increased risk, deposition, fatty materials along inner walls of arteries
- narrow lumen of arteries
- reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, nutrients -> body cells (affected areas)
carbon monoxide’s property ( b__ h__, s__, f__ c__, r__ o___ c___ c___, b__) effect on the body in the short-term
binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood
- reduce delivery, oxygen -> body tissues
- reduce rate, aerobic respiration in cells
carbon monoxide’s property ( b__ h__, s__, f__ c__, r__ o___ c___ c___, b__) effect on the body in the long-term
binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood
- muscles, less energy, muscle contractions -> fatigue during vigorous activities
- uterus, less energy, growth -> slow foetal development
tar 2 properties
- cause uncontrolled cell division
- paralyses cilla lining along inner walls of bronchi, trachea
what does tar’s property (c__ u__ c__ d__) cause in the short-term?
cause uncontrolled cell division
- increase risk, tumor formation
what does tar’s property (c__ u__ c__ d__) cause in the long-term?
cause uncontrolled cell division
- increase risk, cancer
properties of irritants
- paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi
which property do they both share?
tar + irrtant’s shared property effect on body in the short-term
paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi
- reduce efficiency, removal of mucus, trapped dust, bacteria
tar + irrtant’s shared property effect on body in the long-term
(2 long-term effects, symptoms)
paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi
Bacteria infect respiratory tract, cause bronchitis
- inflammed trachea, bronchi
- excessive mucus secretion
- breathing difficulties
- persistent coughing, clear air passages
Persistent, violent coughing, cause partition walls between alveoli, breakdown -> emphysema
- reduce S.A. for gaseous exchange -> slower oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide excretion
- lungs lose elasticity -> shallow breathing
Visualise the respiratory system with the following parts:
l__
t__
right lung
e__ i__ m__
i___ i__ m__
left lung
b___
b___
a___
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 16
