Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > ch7 breathe > Flashcards

ch7 breathe Flashcards

contract: thicker, shorter. Relax: thinner, longer

1
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ huge amount of energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans equation

A

glucose -> lactic acid (+ small amount of energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Similarity between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans

A

Substrate used
Glucose

Both energy release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans

A
  1. OXYGEN REQUIREMENT
    Aerobic: requires
    Anaerobic: Does not require
  2. PRODUCTS FORMED
    aerobic: carbon dioxide + water
    anaerobic in humans: lactic acid
  3. AMT OF ENERGY RELEASED
    aerobic: large
    anaerobic: small

LINK BACK
aerobic eq: oxygen + glucose -> water + carbon dioxide
anaerobic in humans eq: glucose -> lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe what happens in the lungs and muscles during rest

A
  1. low muscle activity
  2. basal breathing rate, heart rate, supply sufficient oxygen, to muscles

CHALLENGE
Can you describe what happens to the heart during rest?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 respirations are involved.

Describe what happens in the lungs and muscles during strenuous exercise

VERY LOng!!!! :( 5 parts cry

Remember how u were during the run during bio class that time

A
  1. Vigorous muscle contractions, require energy, energetic demands increase rapidly;
  2. breathing rate, heart rate increases, to supply more oxygen, glucose, to muscles, for higher rate, aerobic respiration, sustain energetic demands,
  3. breathing rate, heart rate, do not increase fast enough, demand for oxygen, exceed supply of oxygen
  4. muscle cells carries out anaerobic respiration, release energy, keep up with energetic demands
  5. anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid as a metabolic waste product, body said to incur oxygen debt

  1. can lift off from aerobic respiration definition in Ch1
    more glucose and oxygen, higher rate of aerobic respiration, sustain energetic demands

Remember how u were during the run

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe and explain what happens in the lungs, heart, muscles after strenuous exercise

A
  1. heart rate remains high
    - transport lactic acid, from the muscles and oxygen, from the lungs, to the liver via the blood stream
  2. breathing remains deep and rapid
    - supply oxygen, liver cells, metabolism of lactic acid
  3. Oxygen debt is repaid
    - When lactic acid is removed from the body

NOT DETOXIFICATION ,metabolism of lactic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is oxygen debt repaid?

A

When lactic acid is removed from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are lungs made out of? what are they surrounded by?

A

Lungs made of alveoli
Lungs, surrounded by muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why does heart rate remain high after exercise?

A

transport lactic acid from muscles, oxygen from lungs to the liver via bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe and explain the breathing rate of a person after exercise.

A

remains deep and rapid

supply oxygen -> liver cells for
metabolism of lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Respiratory System from top to bottom (exclude mouth, nose)

A

larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveolus
internal intercostal muscle
external intercostal muscle
diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structure of the epithelial cell and goblet cell of the trachea and bronchus

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

** not structural adaptation, but structure.

structure of the trachea

A

walls contain C-shaped rings of cartilage

inner walls contain epithelial, goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structure of the bronchi + bronchioles

A

inner walls contain epithelial and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of the structure of trachea (W___ c___ c___s___ R____ O___ C___)

A

walls contain C-shaped rings of cartilage
keep lumen of trachea open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

remember to explain abt cilla

function of the structure of bronchioles, bronchi, trachea (i___ w___ c___ g___ a___ e___ c___)

A

inner walls contain epithelial, goblet cells
- goblet cells secrete mucus, trap foreign bodies
- epithelial cells, have cilla -> sweep mucus, trapped particles
- up respiratory tract -> pharynx, mucus coughed out/swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

alveoli adaptations

A
  • numerous alveoli
  • inner walls of alveoli, blood capillaries, one-cell thick
  • constant blood flow, blood capillaries
  • thin film of moisture (inner walls)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

alveoli adaptation function (N__ A___)

A

numerous alveoli
increase SA:vol ratio, increase rate of exchange of gases, by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

alveoli adaptation function (i___ w___ o___ a___, b___ c___, o___-c__ t__)

A

inner walls of alveoli, blood capillaries, one cell thick
- reduce distance between oxygen, carbon dioxide needing to diffuse
- increase rate of exchange of gases

** Diffusion mentioned above, so no need mention “by diffusion” again in the 2nd point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

alveoli adaptation function (c___ b___ f___, b___ c___)

A

constant blood flow, blood capillaries
- maintain steep concentration gradient of gases, between alveoli + bloodstream
- increase rate of exchange of gases by diffusion

Always link back to what the adaptations usually do: Increase rate of <>

22
Q

alveoli adaptation function (t___ f___ o___ M___ (i___ w___))

A

thin film of moisture (inner walls)
allows oxygen gas, dissolve, diffuse -> bloodstream

23
Q

how does inspiration occur?

A

inspiration
- diaphragm muscle contracts, flattens
- external intercostal muscles contract
- internal intercostal muscles relax
- ribs move outwards, upwards
- volume o/ chest increase
- Pressure in alveoli decrease below atmospheric pressure
- air forced into alveoli by surrounding air

LINK
contract: thick, short, diagphram pushed down (flattened)

24
Q

how does expiration occur?

A
  1. diagphram muscles relaxes, arches upwards
  2. external intercostal muscles relax
  3. internal intercostal muscles contract
  4. ribs move downwards, inwards
  5. volume of chest decreases
  6. pressure in alveoli increase above atmospheric pressure
  7. air forced out of alveoli -> surrounding air

LINK
flatten: thinner, longer, diagphram arches up

25
Q

give exact number

inspired air vs expired air oxygen composition

A

inspired air: 21%
expired air: 16%

26
Q

inspired air vs expired air carbon dioxide composition

A

inspired air: 0.03%
expired air: 4.0%

27
Q

inspired air vs expired air nitrogen

A

inspired air: 78%
expired air: 78%

28
Q

inspired air vs expired air water vapour

A

inspired: depends on atmosphere
expired: saturated

no specific %tage for both.

inspired no %tage as it depends if air is dry or air is moist
expired no %tage as it has a huge range but definetly more saturated in water vapour than inspired air

29
Q

inspired air vs expired air dust particles

A

inspired: varies
expired: negligible

expired air very little dust as it comes into contact w/ mucus

30
Q

gaseous exchange of oxygen at lungs

A
  1. higher conc. of oxygen in inhaled air than bloodstream
  2. oxygen dissolve in thin film of moisture on inner wall, alveoli
  3. oxygen diffuses into blood capillaries -> red blood cell
  4. oxygen bind w/ deoxyhaemoglobin in red blood cell -> oxyhaemoglobin
  5. oxygen carried by haemoglobin in RBC from lungs -> other parts, body
31
Q

gaseous exchange of co2, bloodstream -> lungs

A
  1. lower conc. of co2 in inhaled air than bloodstream
  2. Carbon dioxide diffuses down concentration gradient from bloodstream -> alveolar air space
  3. Carbon dioxide excreted in exhaled air

Format of gaseous exchange
declare conc. comparison
declare diffusion
declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)

32
Q

gaseous exchange of co2 in body tissues

A
  1. higher conc. co2 in body cells than bloodstream
  2. Carbon dioxide diffuses body cells -> blood capillaries
  3. Carbon dioxide carried in blood plasma as hydrogen carbonate ions -> lungs where it is excreted

Format of gaseous exchange
declare conc. comparison
declare diffusion
declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)

33
Q

gaseous exchange of oxygen in body tissues

A
  1. higher conc. of oxygen in bloodstream than respiring cells
  2. oxygen diffuse red blood cell -> blood plasma into body cells

Format of gaseous exchange
declare conc. comparison
declare diffusion
declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)

34
Q

imagine alveoli + capillary
picture the:
- gaseous exchange in and out
- diffusion of gases in and out
- blood flow

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 8

35
Q

what chemicals found in smoke

A
  • nicotine
  • carbon monoxide
  • tar
  • irritants
36
Q

2 properties of nicotine

A
  • promotes release, adrenaline
  • increase risk, blood clot form in arteries
37
Q

short term

effect on body from nicotine’s property: i___ r___, b___ c___ f__ i___ a__

A

increase risk, blood clot form in arteries
- narrow lumen of arteries
- reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, nutrients -> body cells (affected areas)

38
Q

how does nicotine’s “p___ r___ o___ a___” affect the body in long-term?

A

promotes release of adrenaline
- cause addiction to smoking

39
Q

short term

effect on body from nicotine’s property (p__ r__, a___)

A

promote release, adrenaline
- increased heart rate, blood pressure

40
Q

different from carbon monoxide’s one

how does nicotine’s “i___ r___, b___ c___ f__ i___ a__” affect the body in the long-term?

A

increases rate, blood clot, form in arteries
Increase risk:
- coronary heart disease
- stroke (arteries leading to brain)
- slower foetal development (arteries leading to placenta)

“leading to” is included coz’ its the arteries that lead to organ that transports the oxygen, glucose through bloodstream

41
Q

2 properties of carbon monoxide

A
  • increased risk, deposition, fatty materials along inner walls of () arteries
  • binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood
42
Q

carbon monoxide’s property (i__ r__ d__, f__ m___ a___ i__ w__ o__ a__) effect on body in the short-term

A

increased risk, deposition, fatty materials along inner walls of arteries
- narrow lumen of arteries
- reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, nutrients -> body cells (affected areas)

43
Q

carbon monoxide’s property (i__ r__ d__, f__ m___ a___ i__ w__ o__ a__) effect on body in the short-term

A

increased risk, deposition, fatty materials along inner walls of arteries
- narrow lumen of arteries
- reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, nutrients -> body cells (affected areas)

44
Q

carbon monoxide’s property ( b__ h__, s__, f__ c__, r__ o___ c___ c___, b__) effect on the body in the short-term

A

binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood
- reduce delivery, oxygen -> body tissues
- reduce rate, aerobic respiration in cells

45
Q

carbon monoxide’s property ( b__ h__, s__, f__ c__, r__ o___ c___ c___, b__) effect on the body in the long-term

A

binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood
- muscles, less energy, muscle contractions -> fatigue during vigorous activities
- uterus, less energy, growth -> slow foetal development

46
Q

tar 2 properties

A
  • cause uncontrolled cell division
  • paralyses cilla lining along inner walls of bronchi, trachea
47
Q

what does tar’s property (c__ u__ c__ d__) cause in the short-term?

A

cause uncontrolled cell division
- increase risk, tumor formation

48
Q

what does tar’s property (c__ u__ c__ d__) cause in the long-term?

A

cause uncontrolled cell division
- increase risk, cancer

49
Q

properties of irritants

A
  • paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi
50
Q

which property do they both share?

tar + irrtant’s shared property effect on body in the short-term

A

paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi
- reduce efficiency, removal of mucus, trapped dust, bacteria

51
Q

tar + irrtant’s shared property effect on body in the long-term

(2 long-term effects, symptoms)

A

paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi
Bacteria infect respiratory tract, cause bronchitis
- inflammed trachea, bronchi
- excessive mucus secretion
- breathing difficulties
- persistent coughing, clear air passages

Persistent, violent coughing, cause partition walls between alveoli, breakdown -> emphysema
- reduce S.A. for gaseous exchange -> slower oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide excretion
- lungs lose elasticity -> shallow breathing

52
Q

Visualise the respiratory system with the following parts:

l__
t__

right lung
e__ i__ m__
i___ i__ m__

left lung
b___

b___

a___

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 16

Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions