ch7 breathe

Question 1

Aerobic respiration equation

Answer 1

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ huge amount of energy)

Question 2

Anaerobic respiration in humans equation

Answer 2

glucose -> lactic acid (+ small amount of energy)

Question 3

Similarity between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans

Answer 3

Substrate used
Glucose

Both energy release

Question 4

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Answer 4

1. OXYGEN REQUIREMENT
   Aerobic: requires
   Anaerobic: Does not require
2. PRODUCTS FORMED
   aerobic: carbon dioxide + water
   anaerobic in humans: lactic acid
   anaerobic in yeast: ethanol, co2
3. AMT OF ENERGY RELEASED
   aerobic: large
   anaerobic: small

LINK BACK
aerobic eq: oxygen + glucose -> water + carbon dioxide
anaerobic in humans eq: glucose -> lactic acid

Question 5

Describe what happens in lungs, muscles, heart during rest

Answer 5

1. low muscle activity
2. basal breathing rate,
3. basal heart rate, supply sufficient oxygen, muscles

CHALLENGE
Can you describe what happens to the heart during rest?

Question 6

2 respirations are involved.

Describe what happens in the lungs and muscles during strenuous exercise

VERY LOng!!!! :( 5 parts cry

Remember how u were during the run during bio class that time

Answer 6

1. Vigorous muscle contractions, require energy, energetic demands increase rapidly;
2. breathing rate, heart rate increases, to supply more oxygen, glucose, to muscles, for higher rate, aerobic respiration, sustain energetic demands,
3. breathing rate, heart rate, do not increase fast enough, demand for oxygen, exceed supply of oxygen
4. muscle cells carries out anaerobic respiration, release energy, keep up with energetic demands
5. anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid as a metabolic waste product, body said to incur oxygen debt

1. can lift off from aerobic respiration definition in Ch1
   more glucose and oxygen, higher rate of aerobic respiration, sustain energetic demands

Remember how u were during the run

Question 7

Describe and explain what happens in the lungs, heart, muscles after strenuous exercise

Answer 7

HEART
1. heart rate remains high
2. transport lactic acid, muscles → liver, via bloodstream
3. transport oxygen, lungs → liver via bloodstream
4. metabolism, lactic acid

LUNGS + MUSCLES
1. breathing remains deep, rapid
2. increase supply oxygen → liver cells
3. metabolism, lactic acid

lactic acid removed from body → oxygen debt repaid

metabolism is a type of detoxification.

Question 8

When is oxygen debt repaid?

Answer 8

When lactic acid is removed from the body

Question 9

what are lungs made out of? what are they surrounded by?

Answer 9

Lungs made of alveoli
Lungs, surrounded by muscles

Question 10

why does heart rate remain high after exercise?

Answer 10

transport lactic acid from muscles, oxygen from lungs to the liver via bloodstream

Question 11

Describe and explain the breathing rate of a person after exercise.

Answer 11

remains deep and rapid

supply oxygen -> liver cells for
metabolism of lactic acid

Question 12

Respiratory System from top to bottom (exclude mouth, nose)

Answer 12

larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveolus
internal intercostal muscle
external intercostal muscle
diaphragm

Question 13

structure of the epithelial cell and goblet cell of the trachea and bronchus

Answer 13

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 8

Question 14

structure of the trachea

Answer 14

walls contain C-shaped rings of cartilage

inner walls contain epithelial, goblet cells

Question 15

structure of the bronchi + bronchioles

Answer 15

inner walls contain epithelial and goblet cells

Question 16

function of the structure of trachea (W___ c___ c___s___ R____ O___ C___)

Answer 16

walls contain C-shaped rings of cartilage
keep lumen of trachea open

Question 17

remember to explain abt cilla

function of the structure of bronchioles, bronchi, trachea (i___ w___ c___ g___ a___ e___ c___)

Answer 17

inner walls contain epithelial, goblet cells
- goblet cells secrete mucus, trap foreign bodies
- epithelial cells, have cilla -> sweep mucus, trapped particles
- up respiratory tract -> pharynx, mucus coughed out/swallowed

Question 18

alveoli adaptations

Answer 18

• numerous alveoli
• inner walls of alveoli, blood capillaries, one-cell thick
• constant blood flow, blood capillaries
• thin film of moisture (inner walls)

Question 19

alveoli adaptation function (N__ A___)

Answer 19

numerous alveoli
increase SA:vol ratio, increase rate of exchange of gases, by diffusion

Question 20

alveoli adaptation function (i___ w___ o___ a___, b___ c___, o___-c__ t__)

Answer 20

inner walls of alveoli, blood capillaries, one cell thick
- reduce distance between oxygen, carbon dioxide needing to diffuse
- increase rate of exchange of gases

** Diffusion mentioned above, so no need mention “by diffusion” again in the 2nd point

Question 21

alveoli adaptation function (c___ b___ f___, b___ c___)

Answer 21

constant blood flow, blood capillaries
- maintain steep concentration gradient of gases, between alveoli + bloodstream
- increase rate of exchange of gases by diffusion

Always link back to what the adaptations usually do: Increase rate of <>

Question 22

alveoli adaptation function (t___ f___ o___ M___ (i___ w___))

Answer 22

thin film of moisture (inner walls)
allows oxygen gas, dissolve, diffuse -> bloodstream

Question 23

how does inspiration occur?

Answer 23

inspiration
- diaphragm muscle contracts, flattens
- external intercostal muscles contract
- internal intercostal muscles relax
- ribs move outwards, upwards
- volume o/ chest increase
- Pressure in alveoli decrease below atmospheric pressure
- air forced into alveoli by surrounding air

LINK
contract: thick, short, diagphram pushed down (flattened)

Question 24

how does expiration occur?

Answer 24

1. diagphram muscles relaxes, arches upwards
2. external intercostal muscles relax
3. internal intercostal muscles contract
4. ribs move downwards, inwards
5. volume of chest decreases
6. pressure in alveoli increase above atmospheric pressure
7. air forced out of alveoli -> surrounding air

LINK
flatten: thinner, longer, diagphram arches up

Question 25

# give exact number inspired air vs expired air oxygen composition

Answer 25

inspired air: 21% expired air: 16%

Question 26

inspired air vs expired air carbon dioxide composition

Answer 26

inspired air: 0.03% expired air: 4.0%

Question 27

inspired air vs expired air nitrogen

Answer 27

inspired air: 78% expired air: 78%

Question 28

inspired air vs expired air water vapour

Answer 28

inspired: **depends on atmosphere** expired: saturated ## Footnote no specific %tage for both. inspired no %tage as it depends if air is dry or air is moist expired no %tage as it has a huge range but definetly more saturated in water vapour than inspired air

Question 29

inspired air vs expired air dust particles

Answer 29

inspired: varies expired: negligible ## Footnote expired air very little dust as it comes into contact w/ mucus

Question 30

gaseous exchange of oxygen at lungs

Answer 30

1. higher conc. of oxygen in **inhaled** air than bloodstream 2. oxygen dissolve in thin film of moisture on **inner wall, alveoli** 3. oxygen diffuses into blood capillaries -> **red blood cell** 4. oxygen bind w/ deoxyhaemoglobin **in** red blood cell -> oxyhaemoglobin 5. oxygen carried by haemoglobin **in** RBC from lungs -> other parts, body

Question 31

gaseous exchange of co2, bloodstream -> lungs

Answer 31

1. **lower** conc. of co2 in inhaled air than **bloodstream** 2. Carbon dioxide **diffuses** from bloodstream -> alveolar air space 3. Carbon dioxide **excreted** in exhaled air ## Footnote **Format of gaseous exchange** declare conc. comparison declare diffusion declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)

Question 32

gaseous exchange of co2 body tissues bloodstream

Answer 32

1. **higher** conc. co2 in body cells than **bloodstream** 2. Carbon dioxide diffuses body cells -> **blood capillaries** 3. Carbon dioxide carried in **blood plasma** as hydrogen carbonate **ions** -> lungs where it is **excreted** ## Footnote **Format of gaseous exchange** declare conc. comparison declare diffusion declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)

Question 33

gaseous exchange of oxygen in body tissues

Answer 33

1. higher conc. of oxygen in **bloodstream** than respiring cells 2. oxygen diffuse red blood cell -> blood plasma **into** body cells ## Footnote **Format of gaseous exchange** declare conc. comparison declare diffusion declare resulting action (excretion, transport e.g.)

Question 34

imagine alveoli + capillary picture the: - gaseous exchange in and out - diffusion of gases in and out - blood flow

Answer 34

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 8

Question 35

what chemicals found in smoke

Answer 35

- nicotine - carbon monoxide - tar - irritants

Question 36

2 properties of nicotine

Answer 36

- promotes release, adrenaline - increase risk, blood clot form in arteries

Question 37

# short term effect on body from nicotine's property: i___ r___, b___ c___ f__ i___ a__

Answer 37

increase risk, blood clot form in arteries - narrow lumen **of** arteries - reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, **nutrients** -> body cells (affected areas)

Question 38

how does nicotine's "p___ r___ o___ a___" affect the body in long-term?

Answer 38

**promotes release of adrenaline** - cause addiction to smoking

Question 39

# short term effect on body from nicotine's property (p__ r__, a___)

Answer 39

promote release, adrenaline - increased heart rate, blood pressure

Question 40

how does nicotine's "i___ r___, b___ c___ f__ i___ a__" OR carbon monoxide's "i__ r__, d__ f__ m__ a__ i__ w__ a__ a__" affect the body in the long-term?

Answer 40

**increases rate, blood clot, form in arteries / increase risk deposition of fatty material along inner walls of arteries** Increase risk: - coronary heart disease - stroke (arteries **leading to brain**) - slower foetal development (arteries **leading to placenta**) ## Footnote "leading to" is included coz' its the arteries that lead to organ that transports the oxygen, glucose through bloodstream

Question 41

2 properties of carbon monoxide

Answer 41

- increased risk, deposition, fatty materials **along** inner walls of () arteries - binds, haemoglobin, **strongly**, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood

Question 42

carbon monoxide's property (i__ r__ d__, f__ m___ **a___** i__ w__ o__ a__) effect on body in the short-term

Answer 42

**increased risk, deposition, fatty materials along inner walls of arteries** - narrow lumen **of** arteries - reduce blood flow, supply of oxygen, **nutrients** -> body cells (affected areas)

Question 43

carbon monoxide's property ( b__ h__, s__, f__ c__, r__ o___ c___ c___, b__) effect on the body in the short-term

Answer 43

**binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood** - reduce delivery, oxygen -> body tissues - reduce rate, aerobic respiration in cells

Question 44

carbon monoxide's property ( b__ h__, s__, f__ c__, r__ o___ c___ c___, b__) effect on the body in the long-term

Answer 44

**binds, haemoglobin, strongly, form carboxyhaemoglobin, reduce oxygen carrying capacity, blood** - muscles, less energy, muscle contractions -> fatigue during vigorous activities - uterus, less energy, growth -> slow foetal development

Question 45

tar 2 properties

Answer 45

- cause uncontrolled cell division - paralyses cilla lining **along** inner walls of bronchi, **trachea**

Question 46

what does tar's property (c__ u__ c__ d__) cause in the short-term?

Answer 46

**cause uncontrolled cell division** - increase risk, tumor formation

Question 47

what does tar's property (c__ u__ c__ d__) cause in the long-term?

Answer 47

**cause uncontrolled cell division** - increase risk, cancer

Question 48

properties of irritants

Answer 48

- paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, **trachea**, bronchi

Question 49

# which property do they both share? tar + irrtant's shared property effect on body in the short-term

Answer 49

**paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi** - reduce efficiency, removal of mucus, trapped dust, bacteria

Question 50

tar + irrtant's shared property effect on body in the long-term (**2 long-term effects, symptoms**)

Answer 50

**paralyses cilla lining along inner walls, trachea, bronchi** Bacteria infect respiratory **tract**, cause bronchitis - inflammed trachea, bronchi - excessive mucus secretion - breathing difficulties - persistent coughing, clear air passages Persistent, violent coughing, cause **partition** walls between alveoli, breakdown -> **emphysema** - reduce sa:vol ratio, gaseous exchange - slower oxygen uptake - carbon dioxide **excretion** - lungs lose **elasticity** -> shallow breathing

Question 51

Visualise the respiratory system with the following parts: l__ t__ **right lung** e__ i__ m__ i___ i__ m__ **left lung** b___ b___ a___

Answer 51

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 16