ch3 nutrients Flashcards
3 classes of nutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
Which elements are the 3 classes of nutrients made out of
- Carbohydrates
C, H, O ratio of H:O -> 2:1 - Protein
C, H, O, N - Lipids
C, H, O
3 types of carbo
- Monosaccharides
- Diasaccharides
- Polysaccharides
List the monosaccharides
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Glucose
List the diasaccharides
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
List the Polysaccharides
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
- Starch
Tip: Start from the Monosaccharides
List the Reducing Sugars
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
- Maltose
- Lactose
Sucrose not included in reducing sugars.
List the non-reducing sugars
- Sucrose
I would like to test a wintermelon for reducing sugars. How do I conduct this test?
Benedict’s Test
- Crush 2g, Wintermelon
- Add 2ml, Benedict’s Solution, add 2g crushed wintermelon, into clean test tube
- Shake vigorously
- Heat mixture in boiling water bath, 5min
R:
present: Yellow/orange/brick red precipitate formed
absent: blue Benedict’s solution remained blue
R: Stands for Results:
2: crushed
I would like to test a sample of milk for starch. What do I do?
Iodine Test
Add 2ml of milk into clean test tube
Add 2 drops of iodine solution to test tube containing milk
Shake vigorously
R:
present: brown iodine solution, turned blue-black
absent: brown iodine solution, remained brown
For R: Must declare the previous colour of the solution unless special cases e.g. precipitate, emulsion formed
What are proteins made of? (Not the CHNO, smth else)
one or more polypeptides
What are polypeptides made of?
many animo acids
I would like to test egg yolk (raw) for the presence of proteins. I am given a raw egg. What do I do?
Biuret’s Test
1. Add 2ml, biuret reagent into a clean test tube, with 2ml of egg yolk
2. Shake vigorously
R:
present: blue reagent turned violet
absent: blue reagent remained blue
Yes, raw egg is liquid.
P.S. During actual pract
Please remove the shell (cracc the egg) and separate the white from the yolk
What are lipids made of? (not elements)
1 glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
I would like to test a crushed watermelon for lipids
- Crush 2g, watermelon
- Add 2ml of ethanol to 2g, of crushed watermelon
- shake vigorously
- Decant supernatant, into test tube, containing 2ml, distilled water
R:
present: white emulsion formed
absent: clear mixture remained clear
Crushed watermelon is 2g imo because it still contains fiber
Functions of water
- Solvent
- Reactant, biochemical reactions
- maintain support, structure, living organisms
- maintain body temperature
Example of water as a s____
- Main component of cytoplasm
- dissolve substances, allows for biochemical reactions to occur in the solution
- main component, vacuoles, store dissolved substances
substances -> nutrients + mineral salts
medium of transport for dissolved substances
Example of water as a r____
reactant
- hydrolysis reaction, digestion
- raw material, photosynthesis
Example of water as m_____, s___
s_____ i___ l_____ o_____
maintain,support structure in living organisms
- maintains turgidity, plant cells, provide support, plant
- fill up body cavities, invertebrates, exert hydrostatic pressure, provide support, body
Example of water m____ b____ t____
water in sweat -> evaporates
removes, latent heat, of vaporisation
thereby cooling, body down
high heat capacity, component, aminotic fluid, prevent fluctuation, temp
What is cellulose in plants for?
cell wall synthesis
What is starch for?
excess glucose stored as starch, reserve store of energy
(FOR PLANTS ONLY)
What is glycogen for?
Storage form, excess glucose, reserve store of energy
(FOR ANIMALS ONLY)
What is glucose, maltose, galactose, lactose, fructose for?
immediate source of energy
Substrate for respiration, releases energy, biochemical reactions
source of
galactose
lactose
fructose
sucrose
forget source of glucose
glucose is literally everywhere lah
maltose (grains)
galactose (derived, lactose)
lactose (dairy products)
fructose (fruits)
sucrose (fruits)
sucrose for wat
glucose -> sucrose in plants
translocation
leaves -> other parts, plant
via phloem
protein for wat
- structural protein
- enzyme
- transport protein
- hormone
protein for
s__ p___
- growth, repair cells
- contribute shaping, structure of molecules, cells, tissue
- dna molecule coils arnd histone protein -> chromosome
protein for
t__ p__
transport protein
- transmembrane proteins
- control movement, substances, in, out cell
- aquaporins, reabsorption, water molecules glomerular filtrate -> blood capillaries
protein/fats for
h___
regurgitate hormone def.
a chemical substance;
produced by an endocrine gland and secreted in minute quantities directly into
the blood stream;
transported by the bloodstream to one or more specific target organs, where the
hormone exerts its effect;
destroyed in liver prevent overstimulation…
fats for
- hormone
- phospholipids
- subcutaneous, under skin
- visceral, arnd internal organ
fat
p____
csm main component
fat
s___ fat
under skin
insulate against excessive heat loss
fat
v__ fat
arnd internal organs
protect, mechanical dmg
long-term storage, energy
