ch8 remove Flashcards
did you know? Sweat and urine is formed from blood.
define excretion
removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from body
what is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions in body
why must m___ w___ p___ be removed?
why must metabolic waste products be removed?
allowed to accumulate in high conc. -> may become toxic
is the expulsion of faeces/defecation excretion?
Olevel Answer: No
Actual answer: Partially, what a troll.
explanation
Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from __________
In faeces, most of it is cellulose and water, not metabolic waste products, BUT there is one: Bile.
Thus, it is in actuality, partially excretion! But in olvl just put no.
Urinary System from Top to Bottom
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
ureter: three letters, comes 1st
urethra four letters, comes 2nd
Visualise Female Urinary System
pg10
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
Kidneys structure
pair of bean-shaped,
fist-sized organs
Function of kidneys
- filter blood, forms urine
- removes urea, excess water + mineral salts from bloodstream
- important role in osmoregulation
ureter structure
pair of tubes, leads
from kidneys, to
urinary bladder
ureter function
transports urine, from, kidney, urinary, bladder
**ONE kidney only
urinary bladder structure
muscular, distensible organ
urinary bladder function
stores urine temporarily
urethra structure
tube, leads from urinary bladder -> external environment
urethra function
transport urine from urinary bladder -> outside of body
describe and explain ultrafiltration
- efferent arteriole, narrower lumen, compared to afferent arteriole
- generates, region of high hydrostatic blood pressure -> glomerulus
- force small particles from glomerulus -> Bowman’s capsule
- smaller particles like water, mineral salt ions, glucose, animo acids, urea small enf to pass through, forms glomelular filtrate
do erythocytes, phagocytes, platelets, plasma pass from the B___’s C____ to form the g___ f____?
No.
Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, plasma too large, pass through, basement membrane (partially permeable)
describe and explain selective reabsorption in the p___ c___ t___
- all glucose, animo acids molecules reabsorbed into surrounding blood capillaries -> diffusion, active transport
- most water molecules reabsorbed, osmosis
- most mineral salts, reabsorbed, diffusion, active transport
describe and explain selective reabsorption in the L___ o___ H____AND d____ c___ t____
- some water, mineral salts, reabsorbed, surrounding blood capillaries
- excess water, mineral salts, most of urea, pass through collecting duct, form urine (excretion)
blood pump structure
mechanical pump
blood pump function
generates force, pump blood, through apparatus
what is inside heparin pump?
injectable anticoagulant
what is heparin pump for (function)
LINK
heparin in heparin pump is an ANTICOAGULANT
What is it for?
prevent blood clotting in apparatus
What does Skin, Lungs, Liver and Kidneys excrete respectively?
1 skin
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts
2 lungs
- carbon dioxide
- excess water
3 liver
- bile
- pigments
4 kidneys
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts
what is the unique structure of the dialysis tube and membrane, which are part of the D_____?
Part of the Dialyser: Dialysis tube and membrane
- dialysis membrane partially permeable
- dialysis tubing long, highly coiled
what is the unique structure of the dialysis fluid?
- direction, flow, blood opposite -> dialysis fluid flow
- dialysis fluid contain correct conc., glucose, animo acids, mineral salts, blood plasma of patient
- no urea
renal artery or renal vein have cleaner blood?
renal vein.
Artery brings dirty blood (Away from the Heart)
Vein brings clean blood (Towards the Heart)
kidney tubules struct
- narrow
- highly vascularised
Describe all the blood vessels the blood flows to
blood flow of blood from renal artery to vein
renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> capillaries -> venules -> renal vein
where does ultrafiltration happen in?
renal corpuscle
includes glomerulus, Bowman’s Capsule
afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
- which one comes first?
- which lumen is narrower?
afferent comes first (A and E)
efferent lumen narrower
what is the P____ P____ D____ M___ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)
Partially Permeable Dialysis Membrane
- allows urea to diffuse from blood ->
dialysis fluid
- retain erythocytes, plasma proteins in blood stream
What is d__ t__ l___, h____ c____ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)
dialysis tubing long, highly coiled
increase SA:Vol Ratio,
faster diffusion of urea out of bloodstream -> dialysis fluid
What is d___ o___ f___ o____ b____ o___ t___ t___ o___ d___ f___?
What issit for??
what is it: direction of flow of blood opposite to that of dialysis fluid
what issit for: counter current, maintains steep conc. gradient of urea, bloodstream, dialysis fluid
increase rate of diffusion of urea from bloodstream -> dialysis fluid
label venules and capillaries in the following diagram
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 11
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 12
glomerulus adaptation
- high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerulus
- basement membrane
previously forgot in glomerulus in TP!!
can urea pass through partially permeable membrane?
Yes
why d___ f___ c___ correct c___ of g___, a____, m___ s___ as b___- p___ of healthy person?
LINK
Dialysis Fluid Contains Correct Concentration of Glucose, Animo Acids, Minerals Salts as blood plasma of healthy person
ANS
- prevent loss of nutrients,
- replenish nutrient + mineral deficiencies,
- setup steep conc. gradient
- increase rate of diffusion of urea from bloodstream -> dialysis fluid
what is bubble trap for?
Remove air bubble, bloodstream, prevent enter, obstruct bloodflow
What is the water bath for dialysis fluid? What is it for?
What is the water bath
- warm water surrounding dialysis tubing
What is it for
- warms, maintains temp of 37deg celc,
- prevent loss of heat from blood -> dialysis fluid
where are the bubbles trapped? how to release the bubbles?
Visualise bubble trap position and how it works
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 13
what causes kidney failure?
- diabetes
which one defies gravity?
visualise the countercurrent (b___ and d___ f___ flowing in opposite direction)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 14
what causes fall in water potential of blood plasma?
dehydration/vigorous exercise
what receptor organ detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?
hypothalamus
which gland is stimulated when receptor organ detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?
pitutary gland
when water potential in blood plasma drops, what happens to p___ g___?
pitutary gland stimulated by hypothalamus, secrete more ADH
What is ADH transport medium
bloodstream
NOT RBC, NOT WBC NOT BLOOD PLASMA
How is blood extracted during dialysis?
arterio-venous graft
ADH target effector organ
Kidney
Corrective Mechanism when there is fall of water potential in blood plasma
- increased permeability, walls of collecting duct -> water molecules
- increased reabsorption, water from kidney tubules into surrounding blood capillaries
outcome:
production, smaller volume of conc. urine
kidney artery/vein
renal artery/vein
when water potential in blood plasma rises, what happens to p___ g___?
pitutary gland suppressed by hypothalamus, reduce secretion of ADH
Corrective mechanism when water potential of blood plasma is higher than normal
reduced permeabilty, walls of collecting duct -> water
- reduced absorption -> water, from kidney tubules -> blood capillaries
outcome: produce larger volume, dilute urine
What does corrective mechanism of kidney do?
osmoregulation, restores normal water potential, blood plasma
nephron vs kidney tubule
Nephron:
- contains kidney tubule, glomerulus
kidney tubule
- rest of nephron except glomerulus
visualise where the hillus and the sphincter muscle is
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
Page 15
what is hillus?
concave depression where
blood vessels connected to kidney
funct of Sphincter Muscle
- control exit of urine in bladder
- relax: urine flow -> urethra
vice versa is true. If Sphincter Muscle contracts, urine will be kept in the urethra
