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Biology > ch8 remove > Flashcards

ch8 remove Flashcards

did you know? Sweat and urine is formed from blood.

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define excretion

A

removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from body

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2
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions in body

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3
Q

why must m___ w___ p___ be removed?

A

why must metabolic waste products be removed?
allowed to accumulate in high conc. -> may become toxic

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4
Q

is the expulsion of faeces/defecation excretion?

A

Olevel Answer: No
Actual answer: Partially, what a troll.

explanation
Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products, toxic materials from __________

In faeces, most of it is cellulose and water, not metabolic waste products, BUT there is one: Bile.

Thus, it is in actuality, partially excretion! But in olvl just put no.

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5
Q

Urinary System from Top to Bottom

A

Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

ureter: three letters, comes 1st
urethra four letters, comes 2nd

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6
Q

Visualise Female Urinary System

A

pg10
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit

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7
Q

Kidneys structure

A

pair of bean-shaped,
fist-sized organs

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8
Q

Function of kidneys

A
  • filter blood, forms urine
  • removes urea, excess water + mineral salts from bloodstream
  • important role in osmoregulation
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9
Q

ureter structure

A

pair of tubes, leads
from kidneys, to
urinary bladder

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10
Q

ureter function

A

transports urine, from, kidney, urinary, bladder

**ONE kidney only

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11
Q

urinary bladder structure

A

muscular, distensible organ

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12
Q

urinary bladder function

A

stores urine temporarily

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13
Q

urethra structure

A

tube, leads from urinary bladder -> external environment

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14
Q

urethra function

A

transport urine from urinary bladder -> outside of body

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15
Q

describe and explain ultrafiltration

A
  1. efferent arteriole, narrower lumen, compared to afferent arteriole
  2. generates, region of high hydrostatic blood pressure -> glomerulus
  3. force small particles from glomerulus -> Bowman’s capsule
  4. smaller particles like water, mineral salt ions, glucose, animo acids, urea small enf to pass through, forms glomelular filtrate
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16
Q

do erythocytes, phagocytes, platelets, plasma pass from the B___’s C____ to form the g___ f____?

A

No.
Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, plasma too large, pass through, basement membrane (partially permeable)

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17
Q

describe and explain selective reabsorption in the p___ c___ t___

A
  • all glucose, animo acids molecules reabsorbed into surrounding blood capillaries -> diffusion, active transport
  • most water molecules reabsorbed, osmosis
  • most mineral salts, reabsorbed, diffusion, active transport
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18
Q

describe and explain selective reabsorption in the L___ o___ H____AND d____ c___ t____

A
  • some water, mineral salts, reabsorbed, surrounding blood capillaries
  • excess water, mineral salts, most of urea, pass through collecting duct, form urine (excretion)
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19
Q

blood pump structure

A

mechanical pump

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20
Q

blood pump function

A

generates force, pump blood, through apparatus

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21
Q

what is inside heparin pump?

A

injectible anticoagulant

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22
Q

what is heparin pump for (function)

A

LINK
heparin in heparin pump is an ANTICOAGULANT

What is it for?
prevent blood clotting in apparatus

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23
Q

What does Skin, Lungs, Liver and Kidneys excrete respectively?

A

1 skin
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts

2 lungs
- carbon dioxide
- excess water

3 liver
- bile
- pigments

4 kidneys
- urea
- excess water
- excess salts

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24
Q

what is the unique structure of the dialysis tube and membrane, which are part of the D_____?

A

Part of the Dialyser: Dialysis tube and membrane
- dialysis membrane partially permeable
- dialysis tubing long, highly coiled

25
Q

what is the unique structure of the dialysis fluid?

A
  • direction, flow, blood opposite -> dialysis fluid flow
  • dialysis fluid contain correct conc., glucose, animo acids, mineral salts, blood plasma of patient
  • no urea
26
Q

renal artery or renal vein have cleaner blood?

A

renal vein.

Artery brings dirty blood (Away from the Heart)

Vein brings clean blood (Towards the Heart)

27
Q

kidney tubules struct

A
  • narrow
  • richly supplied with blood vessels
28
Q

Describe all the blood vessels the blood flows to

blood flow of blood from renal artery to vein

A

renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> capillaries -> venules -> renal vein

29
Q

where does ultrafiltration happen in?

A

renal corpuscle

includes glomerulus, Bowman’s Capsule

30
Q

afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

  • which one comes first?
  • which lumen is narrower?
A

afferent comes first (A and E)

efferent lumen narrower

31
Q

what is the P____ P____ D____ M___ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)

A

Partially Permeable Dialysis Membrane
- allows urea to diffuse from blood ->
dialysis fluid
- retain erythocytes, plasma proteins in blood stream

32
Q

What is d__ t__ l___, h____ c____ for? (Structure of the Dialyser)

A

dialysis tubing long, highly coiled

increase SA:Vol Ratio,
faster diffusion of urea out of bloodstream -> dialysis fluid

33
Q

What is d___ o___ f___ o____ b____ o___ t___ t___ o___ d___ f___?

What issit for??

A

what is it: direction of flow of blood opposite to that of dialysis fluid

what issit for: counter current, maintains steep conc. gradient of urea, bloodstream, dialysis fluid

increase rate of diffusion of urea from bloodstream -> dialysis fluid

34
Q

label venules and capillaries in the following diagram

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit

page 11

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 12

35
Q

glomerulus adaptation

A
  • high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerulus
  • basement membrane

previously forgot in glomerulus in TP!!

36
Q

can urea pass through partially permeable membrane?

A

Yes

37
Q

why d___ f___ c___ correct c___ of g___, a____, m___ s___ as b___- p___ of healthy person?

A

LINK
Dialysis Fluid Contains Correct Concentration of Glucose, Animo Acids, Minerals Salts as blood plasma of healthy person
ANS
- prevent loss of nutrients,
- replenish nutrient + mineral deficiencies,
- setup steep conc. gradient
- increase rate of diffusion of urea from bloodstream -> dialysis fluid

38
Q

what is bubble trap for?

A

Remove air bubble, bloodstream, prevent enter, obstruct bloodflow

39
Q

What is the water bath for dialysis fluid? What is it for?

A

What is the water bath
- warm water surrounding dialysis tubing
What is it for
- warms, maintains temp of 37deg celc,
- prevent loss of heat from blood -> dialysis fluid

40
Q

where are the bubbles trapped? how to release the bubbles?

Visualise bubble trap position and how it works

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 13

41
Q

what causes kidney failure?

A
  • diabetes
42
Q

which one defies gravity?

visualise the countercurrent (b___ and d___ f___ flowing in opposite direction)

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit
page 14

43
Q

what causes fall in water potential of blood plasma?

A

dehydration/vigorous exercise

44
Q

what receptor organ detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

which gland is stimulated when receptor organ detects fall/rise in water potential of blood plasma?

A

pitutary gland

46
Q

when water potential in blood plasma drops, what happens to p___ g___?

A

pitutary gland stimulated by hypothalamus, secrete more ADH

47
Q

What is ADH transport medium

A

bloodstream

NOT RBC, NOT WBC NOT BLOOD PLASMA

48
Q

How is blood extracted during dialysis?

A

arterio-venous graft

49
Q

ADH target effector organ

A

Kidney

50
Q

Corrective Mechanism when there is fall of water potential in blood plasma

A
  • increased permeability, walls of collecting duct
  • increased reabsorption, water from kidney tubules into surrounding blood capillaries

outcome:
production, smaller volume of conc. urine

51
Q

kidney artery/vein

A

renal artery/vein

52
Q

when water potential in blood plasma rises, what happens to p___ g___?

A

pitutary gland suppressed by hypothalamus, reduce secretion of ADH

53
Q

Corrective mechanism when water potential of blood plasma is higher than normal

A

reduced permeabilty, walls of collecting duct -> water
- reduced absorption -> water, from kidney tubules -> blood capillaries

outcome: produce larger volume, dilute urine

54
Q

What does corrective mechanism of kidney do?

A

osmoregulation, restores normal water potential, blood plasma

55
Q

nephron vs kidney tubule

A

Nephron:
- contains kidney tubule, glomerulus
kidney tubule
- rest of nephron except glomerulus

56
Q

visualise where the hillus and the sphincter muscle is

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit

Page 15

57
Q

what is hillus?

A

concave depression where
blood vessels connected to kidney

58
Q

funct of Sphincter Muscle

A
  • control exit of urine in bladder
  • relax: urine flow -> urethra

vice versa is true. If Sphincter Muscle contracts, urine will be kept in the urethra

Biology (11 decks)

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