ch6 Flashcards
What does the Blood include?
Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets, Plasma
Alternate name for RBC + function
erythrocytes
- transports oxygen
Red Blood Cell
EveRY THROb of the heart, the blood cells moves around several CYTES!
Really try to imagine the blood moving to all the organs at every site.
2 WBCs name
lymphocytes, phagocytes
lymphocytes funct
produces antibodies
LYMPHOCYTES DO NOT SIGNAL PHAGOCYTES TO PERFORM PHAGOCYTOSIS
phagocytes funct
phagocytosis: engulf, ingest, digest foreign bodies
antibodies funct
- foreign bodies, agglutinate for phagocytosis
- signal phagocytes
perform phagocytosis
phagocytes struct
(nucleus, cytoplasm)
lobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm
special = lobely, granular
lymphocytes struct
(nucleus, cytoplasm)
large spherical nucleus
clear cytoplasm
Lymphocytes more normal. So their structure is also more normal.
They are large bcoz’ large lymph nodes!
platelets function
involved, blood clotting
Platelets struct
membrane bound
cell fragments
Describe process, blood clotting
- platelets ->
thrombokinase ->
activates prothrombin blood plasma ->
active form, thrombin - thrombin, blood plasma -> converts soluble fibrinogen -> insoluble fibrin threads
- Fibrin threads -> trap blood cells -> blood clot
Does blood clotting happen in internal or external wounds?
Both
2 Waste Products that Plasma Transports
- Hydrogen Carbonate Ion (Produced, carbon dioxide converted become ion)
- Urea (from urine)
- Think abt co2 transport from body cells -> bloodstream
- Think abt urine.
4 Non Waste Products that Plasma Transports (All new stuff, don’t say something like vitamins, I want the new stuff!)
- Glucagon
- Insulin
- Prothrombin
- Fibrinogen
(All Dissolved Substances)
- Im gone, You’re gone, and guess what! Glucose isn’t gone! Even though its called Glucagon! Somehow! Instead it increases! UNO REVERSE
- Insulin is the one who stole glucagon’s job to make glucose gone
*The professional version of throbbingly-happy happiness!
We know it as prothrombin, the unactivated, soluble form of thrombin, activated via thrombo-kinetic (thrombokinase) to become non pro thrombin (thrombin). Awe man!
*Fiber-in-ogen! The thing that makes Fiber-in threads. Remember its fiber-in threads, not fiber-out threads. And fiber-in threads traps the helpless red blood cells for blood clotting.
What does a blood clot do?
Prevents
further loss of blood
entry of pathogens, bloodstream
Plasma struct
- pale yellow
- liquid
- 90% water
kinda like pee…
Plasma funct
contains transports red blood cells, dissolved substances
2 Dissolved substances that are transported by plasma (useful) (this is the old stuff)
vitamins, mineral salts
no nutrients.
nutrients includes fatty acids which literally cannot be dissolved
A blood group antigen and antibody produced
A antigen -> blood cell
anti-B antibody -> blood plasma
B blood group antigen and antibody produced
B antigen -> blood cell
anti-A antibody -> blood plasma
Universal Blood DOnOr type
Blood type O
has no antigens
Anti-A, B antibodies in blood plasma
Universal Blood receiver type
Blood type AB
Has both A, B antigens
No antibodies
Artery vs Vein vs Capillary carrying blood directions
Artery: carry, blood, away, from, heart
Vein: carry, blood, back, to, heart
Capillary: carry, blood, from, artery, to, vein
Small Artery
Small Vein
Are they far away from the heart?
Arterioles
- Far away from the heart
Venules
- Far away from the heart
FYI
Aka many capillaries combine to become a venule
Artery
Vein
Capillary
Function
artery vein: Acts as C___ for B___
Capillary: Enables E____ o___ S___
Artery: carries, oxygenated, blood, except, pulmonary, artery
Vein: carries, deoxygenated, blood, except, pulmonary, vein
Capillary: Enable exchange of
substances btwn bloodstream, body cells
Artery struct
From Outermost (Top) to Innermost (Bottom)
Connective tissue
Smooth Muscle Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Endothelium
Veins struct
From Outermost (Top) to Innermost (Bottom)
Connective tissue
Smooth Muscle (fibers), Elastic Fibers
Endothelium
SL Valve
Capillaries struct
- One cell thick wall
- forms a branching network
T____ W____
Walls of arteries struct adaptation - Walls
Why must have this adaptation?
Thick Walls
Why?
Arteries recieve blood directly, from heart, high pressure
need thick walls, withstand high pressure
E____ f____
Walls of arteries struct adaptation
Why must have this adaptation?
Elastic fibers, in walls of arteries
Why?
allow, walls, stretch under high pressure, recoil, propel blood forward,
maintaining speed of blood flow
S__ M___ F___
Walls of arteries struct adaptation
Why must have the adaptation?
Smooth Muscle fibers, walls of arteries
Why?
allow vasoconstriction, vasodilation, control distribution blood, different, parts, body
f____ a b____ n____
Capillaries struct adaptation
forms a branching network
increases surface area to volume ratio, faster rate exchange substances,
MEMO
imagine the branches of a plant.
imagine your legs the complexity of the Creator’s making of your capillaries.
it looks like branches no, a branching network of branches
forms a branching network :)
o___-c___ t___ e____
Capillaries struct adaptation
Why must have this adaptation?
one-cell think endothelium
Why?
Reduces distance, substances needing to diffuse, increasing the rate of exchanging of substances
s___-l____ v___
Veins struct adaptation
Why?
semi-lunar valves
Why?
blood, transported, low pressure, speed
Hence…?
valves, prevent, backflow, blood
Semi-lunar valves
(decreases as travels from arteries -> veins)
l___l___
Veins struct adaptation
Why?
Large Lumen
Why?
Reduce resistance, slow-flowing blood
THINK ABOUT IT
Air analogy
When air pass thru small lumen, you can feel the resistance.
But when pass thru rlly big lumen you cannot feel any resistance at all!
So, for blood also!
When blood pass thru small lumen, there is high resistance.
When blood pass thru big lumen, there is reduced resistance! Tada!
LINK
Since blood pressure and speed is lower in the veins, thats why it needs to pass through a big lumen for reduced resistance of slow-flowing blood
L__ n__ s___ M___ (Bone <-> B___ to h___)
Veins struct adaptation
Why?
Skeletal Muscles are strong.
What are muscles 4 + what are veins for?
Located Near Skeletal Muscles
Muscular contractions push blood back -> heart
Hint: endothelium
Visualise/draw the location of the o__ c__ t__ endothelium, tissue cells, and blood capillary and tissue fluid,
WITH ALL DETAILS
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 2
What materials transffered from
Small intestine -> capillaries
Glucose, animo acids transported small intestine -> capillaries
THINK ABOUT IT
Sucrase
Maltase
Erepsin
Lipase
Lactase
A lot of the diasacchrides like Lactose would have been digested, and glucose would be the end product (substrate)
Erepsin would have digested short polypeptide chains into animo acids.
According to SMELL, there are other appropriate answers:
fructose may be diffused because sucrase breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose
fatty acids and glycerol are also accepted (lipase)
What materials are transffered from (in the lungs)
Alveoli cells -> Tissue fluid -> Blood capillaries
Dissolved Oxygen
clarification
Co2 Pathway
Tissue cells -> blood capillaries -> Tissue fluid -> blood capillaries in the alveoli
Why is tissue fluid neccassary?
Transport substances to, from tissue cells
MEMO
Its kinda like the mediator between the tissue cells and the capillaries
What do you need to survive + Default nutrients
Capillaries -> Tissue Fluid -> Liver Cells
What is transported?
Oxygen, water, glucose, animo acids (small nutrient molecules)
MEMO
We will take animo acids and glucose as the default nutrients igig
Remember cells at work, how the RBCs transport O2 and clean water bottles
Need water and oxygen to survive
recall funct of liver
Liver cells -> tissue fluid -> Capillaries
What is transported?
LINK
Functions of liver
- Deanimation of animo acids into urea
- Metabolism of Glucose
- Detoxification of substances
Deanimation:
Urea
Insulin:
Glucose
Detoxification:
Clean Water
Co2 also valid ans
Capillaries Atrial End and Venous End - what is that even?
THINK ABOUT IT
- Capillaries link arteries/arterioles to veins/venules
Thus:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page3
RBC
Small intestine -> Liver
Note on:
- The things that the blood exchanges when reaching the small intestine
small intestine -> hepatic portal vein -> liver -> hepatic vein
NOTE
Reach small intestine:
co2, animo acids, glucose diffuse out of small intestine
o2, water -> diffuse/undergo osmosis out of small intestine
Heart Pathway
Vena Cava -> RA -> (tricuspid valve) RV ->(semi-lumar pulmonary valve) -> pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> pulmonary vein -> (bicuspid valve) -> LA-> LV -> (Semi-Lunar Valve) -> Aorta -> Rest of Body
Renal Vein and artery belongs to which organ?
Kidneys
desc all you know about coronary arteries
Coronary arteries, distribute, blood, cardiac, muscles
ORIGIN
branches, out, from, aorta
Describe the transportation of deoxygenated blood within heart muscles
- coronary veins branch out, vena cava
- transport, deoxygenated blood, from, cardiac, muscles
RA -> RV
RV -> LA
LA -> LV
LV -> Whole body
Name the valves that are present
RA -> RV: Bicuspid valve
RV -> LA: Semi-Lunar Pulmonary Valve
LA -> LV: Tricuspid valve
LV -> Whole body: Semi-Lunar Aortic Valve
3 phases of Heartbeat
NOTE: SOUND IS CAUSED BY VALVES CLOSING, NOT SYSTOLE/DIASTOLE
First Half of Heartbeat - No sound
Atrial Systole + Ventricular Diastole
Second Half of Heartbeat - “Lubb”
Atrial Diastole + Ventricular Systole
Atrioventricular diastole - “Dubb”
REPEAT
Systole -> Contract
Diastole -> Relax
Must atrial and ventricular systole and diastole be synced?
yes
Phase 1: Atrial Systole and Ventricular Diastole
Describe the:
Atrium and Ventricles’ relaxation and contraction
Blood pressure
Valves
Movement of blood
Move Blood moves from atrium to ventricle
Muscles, in walls, atrium, contract
Valves: -
Pressure (blood): Increases above Ventricular Blood pressure
During atrioventricular diastole, blood already flow -> ventricles.
tricuspid valve alr opened in AV-D phase
The sound “lubb” and “Dubb” is only produced when valves are shut, not when the valves open.
Phase 2: Atrial Diastole + Ventricular Systole
Describe the:
Atrium and Ventricles’ relaxation and contraction
Blood pressure
Valves
Movement of blood
HINT: This consists of one valve shutting and one valve opening
Atrium and Ventricles relaxation and contraction: Muscles, of the walls of, ventricles, contract
Valves: Force the bi/tri cuspid valves to close “lubb” sound
(Ventricular) Blood pressure Increases above that of the pulm. artery + aorta
Valves: Semi-Lunar Valves forced open
Movement of Blood Blood, pumped, into, pulm. artery + aortic arches (see ventricular blood pressure)
MEMO
The sound “lubb” and “Dubb” is only produced when valves are shut, not when the valves open.
Phase 3: Atrial and Ventricular Diastole
Describe the:
M
M
V
P
EVENT 1: Backflow + dupp
muscles in walls, atrium, ventricles, relax
Blood pressure, ventricles fall below pulmonary artery, aorta, semi-lunar valves close (“dupp” sound).
Event 2: Recieve Blood
Right atrium receives blood from vena cava
left atrium receives blood, pulmonary veins ;
Event 3: Blood flow from Atria -> Ventricles
blood pressure, ventricles fall below that, atria, Blood from both atria flow -> ventricles,
What is an adaptation of ventricular walls, as compared to atrial walls? Why?
Thick walls, compared to atrial walls
- Atria pumps, short distance, to ventricles
- Ventricles pumps, long distance, out of heart, rest of body
- Requires more muscular walls, provide, sufficient force, pump blood
What is an adaptation of the walls of the LV? Why?
LV walls thicker than RV;
- RV pumps, short distance, lungs
- LV pumps, longer distance, rest of the body
- LV requires more muscular walls, sufficient force, pump blood, rest of the body
What is Myocardial infarction?
Heart Attack
Preventive Measures of coronary heart disease
- Low salt, fat diet
- Regular exercise
- Manage, reduce stress
- Don’t smoke tobacco
- Don’t be exposed to second hand smoke
How does a Myocardial Infarction occur? (Very long 5 parts)
- High b.p. causes, walls of arteries, stretch, over time, small tears occur in inner walls, of coronary arteries
- tears, promote deposition of fatty material + formation of blood clots, along inner walls, of coronary arteries
- diet with a high fat content, increase, amount of fatty material in bloodstream, increase risk of deposition of fatty material, along inner walls, of coronary arteries
- occlusion of coronary arteries, less blood, less oxygen and glucose transported to cardiac muscles
- muscle cells unable to respire, result in muscle death, causing myocardial infarction
Human have singular or double circulatory system
double circulatory system
Blood’s role in transportation in general
transport medium
what is the structural feature that causes blood pressure to rise?
Muscles in the walls of the left ventricle
Capillaries, as compared all other blood vessel
- individual SA/Cross-Surface Area
- TOTAL SA/Cross-Surface Area
- velocity
- lowest
- highest
- lowest (reverse of total SA/cross-surface area)
- i mean by itself is very small… its not exposed SA, its total SA/cross sectional SA.
- branching network
- velocity = change in speed of blood. Velocity changes in veins due to SL valves prevent backflow. Velocity changes in arteries due to smooth muscle. But certainly udw sudden changes of speed in a fragile capillary.
