Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > ch6 > Flashcards

ch6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the Blood include?

A

Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets, Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Alternate name for RBC + function

A

erythrocytes
- transports oxygen

Red Blood Cell
EveRY THROb of the heart, the blood cells moves around several CYTES!

Really try to imagine the blood moving to all the organs at every site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 WBCs name

A

lymphocytes, phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lymphocytes funct

A

produces antibodies

LYMPHOCYTES DO NOT SIGNAL PHAGOCYTES TO PERFORM PHAGOCYTOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phagocytes funct

A

phagocytosis: engulf, ingest, digest foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

antibodies funct

A
  1. foreign bodies, agglutinate for phagocytosis
  2. signal phagocytes
    perform phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

phagocytes struct
(nucleus, cytoplasm)

A

lobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm

special = lobely, granular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lymphocytes struct
(nucleus, cytoplasm)

A

large spherical nucleus
clear cytoplasm

Lymphocytes more normal. So their structure is also more normal.

They are large bcoz’ large lymph nodes!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

platelets function

A

involved, blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Platelets struct

A

membrane bound
cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe process, blood clotting

A
  1. platelets ->
    thrombokinase ->
    activates prothrombin blood plasma ->
    active form, thrombin
  2. thrombin, blood plasma -> converts soluble fibrinogen -> insoluble fibrin threads
  3. Fibrin threads -> trap blood cells -> blood clot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Does blood clotting happen in internal or external wounds?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 Waste Products that Plasma Transports

A
  1. Hydrogen Carbonate Ion (Produced, carbon dioxide converted become ion)
  2. Urea (from urine)

  • Think abt co2 transport from body cells -> bloodstream
  • Think abt urine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 Non Waste Products that Plasma Transports (All new stuff, don’t say something like vitamins, I want the new stuff!)

A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Insulin
  3. Prothrombin
  4. Fibrinogen
    (All Dissolved Substances)

  • Im gone, You’re gone, and guess what! Glucose isn’t gone! Even though its called Glucagon! Somehow! Instead it increases! UNO REVERSE
  • Insulin is the one who stole glucagon’s job to make glucose gone

*The professional version of throbbingly-happy happiness!
We know it as prothrombin, the unactivated, soluble form of thrombin, activated via thrombo-kinetic (thrombokinase) to become non pro thrombin (thrombin). Awe man!

*Fiber-in-ogen! The thing that makes Fiber-in threads. Remember its fiber-in threads, not fiber-out threads. And fiber-in threads traps the helpless red blood cells for blood clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a blood clot do?

A

Prevents
further loss of blood
entry of pathogens, bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Plasma struct

A
  • pale yellow
  • liquid
  • 90% water

kinda like pee…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Plasma funct

A

contains transports red blood cells, dissolved substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 Dissolved substances that are transported by plasma (useful) (this is the old stuff)

A

vitamins, mineral salts

no nutrients.
nutrients includes fatty acids which literally cannot be dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A blood group antigen and antibody produced

A

A antigen -> blood cell
anti-B antibody -> blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

B blood group antigen and antibody produced

A

B antigen -> blood cell
anti-A antibody -> blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Universal Blood DOnOr type

A

Blood type O
has no antigens
Anti-A, B antibodies in blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Universal Blood receiver type

A

Blood type AB
Has both A, B antigens
No antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Artery vs Vein vs Capillary carrying blood directions

A

Artery: carry, blood, away, from, heart
Vein: carry, blood, back, to, heart
Capillary: carry, blood, from, artery, to, vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Small Artery
Small Vein

Are they far away from the heart?

A

Arterioles

  • Far away from the heart

Venules

  • Far away from the heart

FYI
Aka many capillaries combine to become a venule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Artery
Vein
Capillary

Function

artery vein: Acts as C___ for B___
Capillary: Enables E____ o___ S___

A

Artery: carries, oxygenated, blood, except, pulmonary, artery

Vein: carries, deoxygenated, blood, except, pulmonary, vein

Capillary: Enable exchange of
substances btwn bloodstream, body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Artery struct

A

From Outermost (Top) to Innermost (Bottom)

Connective tissue
Smooth Muscle, Elastic Fibers
Endothelium

27
Q

Veins struct

A

From Outermost (Top) to Innermost (Bottom)

Connective tissue
Smooth Muscle (fibers), Elastic Fibers
Endothelium
Valve

28
Q

Capillaries struct

A
  • One cell thick wall
  • forms a branching network
29
Q

T____ W____

Walls of arteries struct adaptation - Walls

Why must have this adaptation?

A

Thick Walls

Why?
Arteries recieve blood directly, from heart, high pressure

need thick walls, withstand high pressure

30
Q

E____ f____

Walls of arteries struct adaptation

Why must have this adaptation?

A

Elastic fibers, in walls of arteries

Why?
allow, walls, stretch under high pressure, recoil, propel blood forward,

maintaining speed of blood flow

31
Q

M___ F___

Walls of arteries struct adaptation

Why must have the adaptation?

A

Muscle fibers, walls of arteries

Why?
allow vasoconstriction, vasodilation, control distribution blood, different, parts, body

32
Q

f____ a b____ n____

Capillaries struct adaptation

A

forms a branching network

increases surface area to volume ratio, faster rate exchange substances,

MEMO
imagine the branches of a plant.
imagine your legs the complexity of the Creator’s making of your capillaries.

it looks like branches no, a branching network of branches

forms a branching network :)

33
Q

o___-c___ t___ e____

Capillaries struct adaptation

Why must have this adaptation?

A

one-cell think endothelium

Why?
Reduces distance, substances needing to diffuse, increasing the rate of exchanging of substances

34
Q

s___-l____ v___

Veins struct adaptation

Why?

A

semi-lunar valves

Why?
blood, transported, low pressure, speed

Hence…?
valves, prevent, backflow, blood

Semi-lunar valves

(decreases as travels from arteries -> veins)

35
Q

l___l___

Veins struct adaptation

Why?

A

Large Lumen
Why?
Reduce resistance, slow-flowing blood

THINK ABOUT IT
Air analogy

When air pass thru small lumen, you can feel the resistance.

But when pass thru rlly big lumen you cannot feel any resistance at all!

So, for blood also!
When blood pass thru small lumen, there is high resistance.

When blood pass thru big lumen, there is reduced resistance! Tada!

LINK
Since blood pressure and speed is lower in the veins, thats why it needs to pass through a big lumen for reduced resistance of slow-flowing blood

36
Q

L__ n__ s___ M___ (Bone <-> B___ to h___)

Veins struct adaptation

Why?

Can’t memorise? Well… What are veins for?

A

Located Near Skeletal Muscles

Why?
Muscular contractions push blood back to the heart

37
Q

Hint: endothelium

Visualise/draw the location of the o__ c__ t__ endothelium, tissue cells, and blood capillary and tissue fluid,

WITH ALL DETAILS

A

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page 2

38
Q

What materials transffered from

Small intestine -> capillaries

A

Glucose, animo acids transported small intestine -> capillaries

THINK ABOUT IT
Sucrase
Maltase
Erepsin
Lipase
Lactase

A lot of the diasacchrides like Lactose would have been digested, and glucose would be the end product (substrate)

Erepsin would have digested short polypeptide chains into animo acids.

According to SMELL, there are other appropriate answers:
fructose may be diffused because sucrase breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose

fatty acids and glycerol are also accepted (lipase)

39
Q

What materials are transffered from (in the lungs)

Aveoli cells -> Tissue fluid -> Blood capillaries

A

Dissolved Oxygen

clarification

Tissue cells -> blood capillaries -> Tissue fluid -> blood capillaries in the aveoli

this is where the co2 is transffered!! this is from the body’s cells

40
Q

Why is tissue fluid neccassary?

A

Transport substances to, from tissue cells

MEMO
Its kinda like the mediator between the tissue cells and the capillaries

41
Q

What do you need to survive + Default nutrients

Capillaries -> Tissue Fluid -> Liver Cells

What is transported?

A

Oxygen, water, glucose, animo acids (small nutrient molecules)

MEMO
We will take animo acids and glucose as the default nutrients igig

Remember cells at work, how the RBCs transport O2 and clean water bottles
Need water and oxygen to survive

42
Q

recall funct of liver

Liver cells -> tissue fluid -> Capillaries

What is transported?

A

LINK
Functions of liver
- Deanimation of animo acids into urea
- Metabolism of Glucose
- Detoxification of substances

Deanimation:
Urea

Metabolism: (Depends if there is insulin released or not)
Glucose

Detoxification:
Clean Water

Co2 also valid ans

43
Q

Capillaries Atrial End and Venous End - what is that even?

A

THINK ABOUT IT
- Capillaries link arteries/arterioles to veins/venules

Thus:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit page3

44
Q

RBC - Pathway of the Blood from Small Intestine to Liver

Note on:
- The things that the blood exchanges when reaching the small intestine
- Things that blood exchanges when reaching the liver

A

small intestine -> hepatic portal vein -> liver -> hepatic vein

NOTE
Reach small intestine:
substances carbon dioxide, animo acids glucose, transported -> blood in capillaries by diffusion through one-cell thick endothelium

substances oxygen and water transported small intestine, diffusion through one-cell thick endothelium from blood

45
Q

Heart Pathway

A

Vena Cava (Boss of the Deoxygenated Blood Sector) -> Right atrium ->(tricuspid valve ) Right ventricle ->(pulmonary valve) -> pulmonary artery (Co-Boss of the Deoxygenated Blood Sector) -> Lungs -> pulmonary vein ->(bicuspid valve) -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> (Semi-Lunar Valve) -> Aorta (Boss of the Oxygenated Blood Sector) -> Rest of Body

46
Q

Renal Vein and artery belongs to which organ?

A

Kidneys

47
Q

blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood -> heart muscles? Origin?

A

Coronary arteries, distribute, blood, cardiac, muscles

ORIGIN
branches, out, from, aorta

48
Q

Which blood vessels transport deoxygenated blood to the heart? Origin?

A

Coronary, veins, transport, deoxygenated blood, from, cardiac, muscles

ORIGIN
branches, out, from, vena cava

49
Q

Left Atrium and Right Atrium valves

A

Left atrium -> Bicuspid
Right atrium -> Tricuspid

MEMO
Left to Write Three

Left - Two - Bi
Right - Three - Tri

50
Q

RA -> RV
RV -> LA
LA -> LV
LV -> Whole body

Name the valves that are present

A

RA -> RV: Bicuspid valve
RV -> LA: Semi-Lunar Pulmonary Valve
LA -> LV: Tricuspid valve
LV -> Whole body: Semi-Lunar Aortic Valve

51
Q

3 phases of Heartbeat

A

NOTE: SOUND IS CAUSED BY VALVES CLOSING, NOT SYSTOLE/DIASTOLE

First Half of Heartbeat - No sound
Atrial Systole + Ventricular Diastole

Second Half of Heartbeat - “Lubb”
Atrial Diastole + Ventricular Systole

Atrioventricular diastole - “Dubb”

REPEAT

Systole -> Contract
Diastole -> Relax

52
Q

Must atrial and ventricular systole and diastole be synced?

A

LINK BACK
Yes, they work antagonistically

REMEMBER
Atrial systole + Ventricular diastole

Ventricular systole + Atrial Diastole

Atrioventricular diastole (means both of them)

53
Q

Phase 1: Atrial Systole and Ventricular Diastole

Describe the:
Atrium and Ventricles’ relaxation and contraction
Blood pressure
Valves
Movement of blood

A

Muscles, in walls of, atrium, contract

AS A RESULT
Valves: tri/bi cuspid valve forced open

(Atrial) Blood pressure: Increases above Ventricular Blood pressure

Movement of Blood Blood moves from atrium to ventricle

MEMO
The sound “lubb” and “Dubb” is only produced when valves are shut, not when the valves open.

54
Q

Phase 2: Atrial Diastole + Ventricular Systole

Describe the:
Atrium and Ventricles’ relaxation and contraction
Blood pressure
Valves
Movement of blood

HINT: This consists of one valve shutting and one valve opening

A

Atrium and Ventricles relaxation and contraction: Muscles, of the walls of, ventricles, contract

Valves: Force the bi/tri cuspid valves to close “lubb” sound

(Ventricular) Blood pressure Increases above that of the pulm. artery + aorta

Valves: Semi-Lunar Valves forced open

Movement of Blood Blood, pumped, into, pulm. artery + aortic arches (see ventricular blood pressure)

MEMO
The sound “lubb” and “Dubb” is only produced when valves are shut, not when the valves open.

55
Q

Phase 3: Atrial and Ventricular Diastole

Describe the:
Atrium and Ventricles’ relaxation and contraction
Blood pressure
Valves
Movement of blood

A

muscles in walls of atrium, ventricles, relax
Blood pressure
Blood pressure in ventricles fall below pulmonary artery, aorta; semi-lunar valves close (“dupp” sound).

Movement
1. Right atrium receives blood from vena cava

  1. left atrium receives blood, pulmonary veins ;
  2. Blood from both atria flow -> ventricles, blood pressure, ventricles fall below that, atria.
56
Q

What is an adaptation of ventricular walls, as compared to atrial walls? Why?

A

Thick walls, compared to atrial walls

  1. Atria pumps, short distance, to ventricles
  2. Ventricles pumps, long distance, out of heart, rest of body
  3. Requires more muscular walls, provide, sufficient force, pump blood
57
Q

What is an adaptation of the walls of the LV? Why?

A

LV walls thicker than RV;

  1. RV pumps, short distance, lungs
  2. LV pumps, longer distance, rest of the body
  3. LV requires more muscular walls, sufficient force, pump blood, rest of the body
58
Q

What is Myocardial infarction?

A

Heart Attack

59
Q

Preventive Measures of coronary heart disease

A
  1. Low salt, fat diet
  2. Regular exercise
  3. Manage, reduce stress
  4. Don’t smoke tobacco
  5. Don’t be exposed to second hand smoke
60
Q

How does a Myocardial Infarction occur? (Very long 5 parts)

A
  1. High b.p. causes, walls of arteries, stretch, over time, small tears occur in inner walls, of coronary arteries
  2. tears, promote deposition of fatty material + formation of blood clots, along inner walls, of coronary arteries
  3. diet with a high fat content, increase, amount of fatty material in bloodstream, increase risk of deposition of fatty material, along inner walls, of coronary arteries
  4. occlusion of coronary arteries, less blood, less oxygen and glucose transported to cardiac muscles
  5. muscle cells unable to respire, result in muscle death, causing myocardial infarction
61
Q

Human have singular or double circulatory system

A

double circulatory system

62
Q

Blood’s role in transportation in general

A

transport medium

63
Q

what is the structural feature that causes blood pressure to rise?

A

Muscles in the walls of the left ventricle

64
Q

velocity is diff.

Capillaries, as compared all other blood vessel
- individual SA/Cross-Surface Area
- TOTAL SA/Cross-Surface Area
- velocity

A
  1. lowest
  2. highest
  3. lowest (reverse of total SA/cross-surface area)

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions