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ch5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mouth is not the topmost part

top to bottom
parts of alimentary canal

A

Salivary Gland
Mouth
oesophagus
Large and Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus (end)

Salivary glands are higher than the mouth

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2
Q

Does the alimentary canal include the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder?

A

No

Liver, pancreas gall bladder included in digestive system

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3
Q

Fish shaped, leaf shaped thing in digestive system

A

No.

Fish shaped thing: Gall bladder
Leaf shaped thing: Pancreas

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4
Q

two oranges

Small intestine 3 parts, from top to bottom

A

Duodenum -> Jejunum -> Ilenum

Duo Jeju
Two Oranges

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5
Q

Imagine the entire process of the thing

Ingestion vs Egestion

A

Ingestion:
Intake, food, through, mouth

Egestion:
explusion, faeces, which are undigested material + cellulose, from alimentary canal, anus

**Ingestion: In
** Egestion: Naturally since ingestion is in, egestion is out.

Bile is very sad because it is excluded from Egestion…

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6
Q

Describe P_______ (in the a____ c_____)

A

Peristalsis in alimentary canal

rhythmic wave-like contractions of the circular longitudal muscles of the walls of the alimentary canal

This, is really, really, really long, unfortunately. All keywords. But perhaps it will be easier to understand by…

Introducing the Singer: The Singer of All Life!
And look! The Circular, longitudal muscles of the walls of the alimentary canal that move in rhythmic, wave-like motions,

also wants to join in in this concert to be viewers!

rhythmic: They dance to the rhythm of the beat

wave-like: and like waving at the singer

contractions: but not so waving, more of contracting.

Circular: Why they do that? I dont know. Maybe because they are circular;

Longitudal: And long and tidual, longitudal! (Geography guys!)

muscles: They say they got muscles

of the wall: That are of the wall.

alimentary canal:
Wait! oops! The music is so good that the circular, longitudal muscles of the wall of the alimentary canal are contracting to the rhythm like waves!

Yes; hear me out this singer is so good,
that they contract to the rhythm and they are wave-like,

even tho they are of the wall of the alimentary canal,
aint a human, but they still dont wanna miss out,

these circular, longitudal muscles of the wall of the alimentary canal aint wanna miss out,

So come and see, as the singer is so good, that the

circular, longtidual muscles of the wall of the alimentary canal are contracting in rhythmic, wave-like motions!

APPLAUSE to THE SINGER - The coordinator of all rhythmic things of life, the one who even makes the heart of all beat;

and also known as the one who can give eternal life,

His name is;
JESUS :DD:D:D:D::DD:D!

GIVE A BIG ROUND OF CLAPSZZZZ PLS

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7
Q

What is peristalsis for?

A

mix, propel, contents, alimentary canal

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8
Q

Remember the Audiences of the Dance of Life

C_____ muscles of the A_______ C_______ works ? with the L____ muscles of the A____ C____

State what ? is.

A

circular, muscles, alimentary, canal, works antagonistically

work together? nah, the muscles are antagonists. no way.

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9
Q

The other audience for the Dance of Life

L_____ muscles of the A_____ C____ does…?

A

relax: become narrower push food/bolus forward

contract: become wider, allow food enter

peristalsis is not for contracting/relaxing of muscles!!

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10
Q

Smells villanous…

Define antagonistic in the terms of the l_____ and the c_____ muscles of the A_____ C______

A

circular, contract, longitudal, relax

circular, relax, longtidual, contract

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11
Q

When circular muscle relax
longitudinal muscle contract
wat happen

A
  1. circular muscle contract
    longitudal muscle relax
  2. Lumen, narrower, push, food, forward

Explanation Diagram:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0 page 31

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12
Q

When circular muscle contract
longitudinal muscle relax
wat happen

A
  1. Circular muscles relax
    longitudal muscles contract
  2. lumen, widens, allow, food, enter

Explanation Diagram:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0

page 31

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13
Q

Physical Digestion Definition

A

Mechanical, breakdown, large, pieces, food, smaller, pieces, food

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14
Q

Wat physical digestion for?

A

Increased surface area to vol ratio, chemical digestion

THINK ABOUT IT
Physical digestion mechanically breaks down food, because it yeah, mechanically breaks down food.

On the other hand, chemical digestion is the enzymatic breakdown of large nutrient molecules into smaller nutrient molecules coz’ it could be short polypeptide chains, you can’t call short polypeptide chains “food” right?

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15
Q

Wat chemical digestion for?

A

Enzymatic breakdown, large, complex, nutrient molecules, smaller, simpler, nutrient molecules

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16
Q

So what if the l___ and c___ n___ molecules go through e___ b___ into s___ , s___ molecules?

A

So what if the large and complex nutrient molecules go through enzymatic breakdown into smaller, simpler molecules?

ANS:
small enough, diffuse across, partially permeable membrane, absorbed by cells

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17
Q

x3 rules

What is the role of HCl in gastric juice?

A
  1. Destroy, microorganisms, in, ingested, food
  2. activates pepsinogen -> pepsin
  3. acidic environment -> optimum pH, pepsin to work in

MEMO
Microorganisms!!**

LINK
Fibrinogen -> soluble fibrinogen in blood plasma (it is inactivated)

Activated by Thrombin

Becomes Insoluble Fibrin Threads

Similarly:
Pepsinogen -> activated by Hydrochloric Acid -> pepsin

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18
Q

Wat is the Buccal Cavity?

A

It is the area inside of the mouth

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19
Q

Buccal Cavity physical digestion process

A

Chewing

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20
Q

How is chewing carried out? (Describe the action of chewing)

A

Action: cut, large pieces, food, smaller pieces, food

Phys digestion: Food (pieces if mechanically digested)
Chem digestion: Nutrient Molecules

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21
Q

What is the result of chewing, churning

A

Increases surface area to volume ratio, enzymes, act on

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22
Q

Buccal Cavity gland and digestive juice secreted

A

Gland: Salivary Gland
Digestive juice: Saliva

Digestive Juice: fluid produced by glands, help digestive process

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23
Q

Salivary Amylase digests what into what

A

Starch –(salivary amylase)–> maltose

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24
Q

What is the process of physical digestion in the stomach?

A

Churning

gulu gulu

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25
Q

Describe Churning

A

Crush, liquefy, smaller pieces of food, chyme

MEMO

Who would try to fix a bell by crushing and liquefying small pieces of it when it was already so fragmented, spoilt and does not chime? Beats me.

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26
Q

Glands + Digestive Juice in stomach

A

Gastric Glands
Digestive Juice: Gastric Juice

I got gastric pain

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27
Q

Pepsin digests what?

A

Protein –(pepsin)–>short polypeptide chains

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28
Q

Small intestine main site of digestion

A

Duodenum

29
Q

Small intestine physical digestion process

A

Emulsification

bile release into small intestine by gall bladder
produced by liver NOT pancreas

30
Q

Describe emulsification

A

Bile, emulsifies, lipids, into, smaller, lipid, droplets

31
Q

What is the result of emulsification

A

Increases surface area to volume ratio, faster digestion, lipids, by lipase

same as chewing churning

contextualised to fit bile. must specify

32
Q

Small intestine secretes which enzymes?

A

Sucrase
Maltase
Erepsin
Intestinal Lipase
Lactase

33
Q

What glands secretes SMELL enzymes?

A

Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Epi-the-lial

Epic the lial

34
Q

List TAL enzymes + organ

A

Pancreas
Trypsin
Pancreatic Amylase
Pancreatic Lipase

35
Q

What is digestive juice of small intestine, pancreas known as

A

Intestinal Juice
Pancreatic Juice

36
Q

Define Absorption

A

Intake, digested nutrient molecules, into body cells

by
Diffusion, active transport

37
Q

What are considered nutrients?

A

Reduced to the smallest form, so things such as maltose (diasacchride) is not accepted.

Fatty acids, glycerol
Glucose, fructose, galactose, animo acids

38
Q

Which of the nutrients cannot be absorbed via diffusion only?

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol

THINK ABOUT IT:
Lipids cannot be dissolved in water, so cannot be absorbed via osmosis

39
Q

Which of the nutrients can be absorbed via diffusion, active transport?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, animo acids

MEMO
only water-soluble nutrients

Nutrients DOES NOT INCLUDE DIASACCHRIDES

40
Q

What are other useful substances that are not nutrients that are absorbed?

A

Water, mineral salts

41
Q

What proccesses are the useful substances that are not nutrients are absorbed by?

A

Water: Osmosis
Mineral Salts: Diffusion, Active Transport

42
Q

Pathway of nutrients and non-nutrients but useful substances (except f___ a__ and g___)

A

Intestinal lumen -> intestinal epithelial cells -> blood capillaries -> hepatic portal vein -> liver

43
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein transports ____ to ____

A

nutrient-rich blood -> liver

44
Q

Biological name of poop…. haha.

What forms the 大便？Where is it stored? What process gets rid of it?

A
  • Undigested material, celluose, water, forms faeces,
  • stored temporarily, rectum
  • egested through anus
45
Q

Adaptations of the inner walls of small intestine

A
  1. highly folded
  2. lined with finger-like projections, villi
  3. Small intestine is very long
46
Q

Singular and Plural form of Villi

A

Singular -> villi
Plural -> villus

47
Q

Adaptation of the Villi

A
  1. Rich supply of blood, blood capillaries
  2. Finger-like projections
  3. Epithelial cells of villus, minute folds, along cell surface membrane

MICROVILLI IS THE MINUTE FOLDS

48
Q

Adaptation of the Epithelial cell

A
  1. Epithelial cells of villus, minute folds, along cell surface membrane
  2. Epithelial cells, numerous mitochondria
49
Q

What is

Adaptations of the inner walls of small intestine
for?

A
  1. highly folded
  2. lined with finger-like projections, villi
  3. very long
  • increase surface area volume ratio
  • faster absorption, nutrient molecules, by diffusion, osmosis
50
Q

What is adaptations of the villi for?

A

constant blood flow, carries absorbed nutrient molecules, away, small intestines

maintains steep concentration gradient, nutrient molecules, between lumen small intestine, blood stream

  1. Rich supply of blood, blood capillaries

-

increases surface area to volume ratio, exchange, substances
2. Finger-like projections
3. Minute folds of villus, along cell surface membrane, epithelial cells

51
Q

insulin
glucagon

Which one is glucose -> glycogen
Which one is glycogen -> glucose

A

Into the body’s storage
Gone from body’s storage

insulin: glucose -> glycogen
glucagon: glycogen -> glucose

52
Q

What are the adaptations of the intestinal epithelial cell for?

A

1 Epithelial cells of villus, minute folds, along cell surface membrane
- increase surface area, volume ratio, chemical digestion

2 numerous mitochondria
- carry out aerobic respiration, release energy faster absorption, glucose + animo acids by active transport

53
Q

What is absorbed by diffusion?

A
  • all nutrients

P.S > pls say which transport method e.g. diffusion it is absorbed by

54
Q

Absorption Vs Assimilation

A

Absorption:
- Happens immediately

Assimilation:
- Using nutrient molecules for repair, growth

55
Q

What is assimilation?

A
  • absorbed nutrient molecules
  • used produce,
    new protoplasm
  • repair, growth respiration -> release energy
56
Q

where does the fatty acids and glycerol recombine?

A

intestinal epithelial cells

Yes, the fatty acids and glycerol will recombine in the intestinal epithelial cells… (After it gets digested)

57
Q

effector organs of insulin, glucagon

A

insulin
- muscles
- liver
glucagon
- liver

58
Q

5 roles of liver

A
  • detoxification
  • animo acid metabolism
  • regulate blood glucose levels
  • fat digestion
  • breakdown hormones
59
Q

wat is d____ (liver funct)

A
  • enzymatic conversion, harmful substances -> less harmful substances
60
Q

wat is a__ a___ m___ (by liver)?

A
  • deamination: converting excess animo acids -> urea, excreted kidneys, in urine
  • animo group, animo acids: removed, converted -> ammonia -> urea (excreted)
  • carbon residue: converted -> glucose

urea excreted in kidneys

61
Q

how does pancreas+liver r__ b___ g___ l___ when it is too high

A
  1. pancreas detect blood glucose lvl above norm
  2. liver stimulate islets, Langerharn in pancreas -> secrete more insulin

Insulin:
LIVER CELLS
- stimulate increase uptake, glucose
- convert excess glucose -> glycogen

MUSCLE, LIVER CELLS
- increase rate of aerobic respiration

There is always insulin in body hence write “more” insulin

62
Q

how does pancreas+liver r___ b__ g___ l___ when it is too low?

A
  • low blood glucose below norm
  • liver stimulate islets of Langerharn -> secrete more glucagon

glucagon:
- stimulate liver cells convert glycogen -> glucose
- synthesize glucose -> animo acids + glycerol (gluconeogenesis)
- release glucose into bloodstream

63
Q

how does liver cells p__ i___ f__ d___

A
  • produces bile
  • bile emulsify fats -> smaller droplets
  • increase SA:Vol ratio
  • faster digestion of lipase
64
Q

path of travel of bile from liver

A

liver -> bile duct -> duodenum

65
Q

short term effects of alcohol

A
  1. slurred speech
  2. blurred vision
  3. unsteady gait
  4. increased reaction time
  5. reduced self-control
66
Q

long term effects of alcohol

A
  1. gastric ulcers leading to stomach cancer
  2. fatty liver leading to liver cirrhosis
  3. brain damage
67
Q

social implications of alcohol consumption

A
  1. work absenteeism
  2. work accidents
  3. increased expenditure on alcohol
  4. increased domestic violence
  5. sexual adventuresomeness
68
Q

digestive juice that liver produces

A

bile

Biology (11 decks)

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