ch5 Flashcards
Mouth is not the topmost part
top to bottom
parts of alimentary canal
Salivary Gland
Mouth
oesophagus
Large and Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus (end)
Salivary glands are higher than the mouth
Does the alimentary canal include the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder?
No
Liver, pancreas gall bladder included in digestive system
Fish shaped, leaf shaped thing in digestive system
No.
Fish shaped thing: Gall bladder
Leaf shaped thing: Pancreas
two oranges
Small intestine 3 parts, from top to bottom
Duodenum -> Jejunum -> Ilenum
Duo Jeju
Two Oranges
Imagine the entire process of the thing
Ingestion vs Egestion
Ingestion:
Intake, food, through, mouth
Egestion:
explusion, faeces, which are undigested material + cellulose, from alimentary canal, anus
**Ingestion: In
** Egestion: Naturally since ingestion is in, egestion is out.
Bile is very sad because it is excluded from Egestion…
Describe P_______ (in the a____ c_____)
Peristalsis in alimentary canal
rhythmic wave-like contractions of the circular longitudal muscles of the walls of the alimentary canal
This, is really, really, really long, unfortunately. All keywords. But perhaps it will be easier to understand by…
Introducing the Singer: The Singer of All Life!
And look! The Circular, longitudal muscles of the walls of the alimentary canal that move in rhythmic, wave-like motions,
also wants to join in in this concert to be viewers!
rhythmic: They dance to the rhythm of the beat
wave-like: and like waving at the singer
contractions: but not so waving, more of contracting.
Circular: Why they do that? I dont know. Maybe because they are circular;
Longitudal: And long and tidual, longitudal! (Geography guys!)
muscles: They say they got muscles
of the wall: That are of the wall.
alimentary canal:
Wait! oops! The music is so good that the circular, longitudal muscles of the wall of the alimentary canal are contracting to the rhythm like waves!
Yes; hear me out this singer is so good,
that they contract to the rhythm and they are wave-like,
even tho they are of the wall of the alimentary canal,
aint a human, but they still dont wanna miss out,
these circular, longitudal muscles of the wall of the alimentary canal aint wanna miss out,
So come and see, as the singer is so good, that the
circular, longtidual muscles of the wall of the alimentary canal are contracting in rhythmic, wave-like motions!
APPLAUSE to THE SINGER - The coordinator of all rhythmic things of life, the one who even makes the heart of all beat;
and also known as the one who can give eternal life,
His name is;
JESUS :DD:D:D:D::DD:D!
GIVE A BIG ROUND OF CLAPSZZZZ PLS
What is peristalsis for?
mix, propel, contents, alimentary canal
Remember the Audiences of the Dance of Life
C_____ muscles of the A_______ C_______ works ? with the L____ muscles of the A____ C____
State what ? is.
circular, muscles, alimentary, canal, works antagonistically
work together? nah, the muscles are antagonists. no way.
The other audience for the Dance of Life
L_____ muscles of the A_____ C____ does…?
relax: become narrower push food/bolus forward
contract: become wider, allow food enter
peristalsis is not for contracting/relaxing of muscles!!
Smells villanous…
Define antagonistic in the terms of the l_____ and the c_____ muscles of the A_____ C______
circular, contract, longitudal, relax
circular, relax, longtidual, contract
When circular muscle relax
longitudinal muscle contract
wat happen
- circular muscle contract
longitudal muscle relax - Lumen, narrower, push, food, forward
Explanation Diagram:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0 page 31
When circular muscle relax
longitudinal muscle contract
wat happen
- Circular muscles relax
longitudal muscles contract - lumen, widens, allow, food, enter
Explanation Diagram:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LQacTU0A416kWYxp3Du0-mVf9HBosNswJ_jQ2zTk5X0/edit?tab=t.0
page 31
Physical Digestion Definition
Mechanical, breakdown, large, pieces, food, smaller, pieces, food
Wat physical digestion for?
Increased surface area to vol ratio, chemical digestion
THINK ABOUT IT
Physical digestion mechanically breaks down food, because it yeah, mechanically breaks down food.
On the other hand, chemical digestion is the enzymatic breakdown of large nutrient molecules into smaller nutrient molecules coz’ it could be short polypeptide chains, you can’t call short polypeptide chains “food” right?
Wat chemical digestion for?
Enzymatic breakdown, large, complex, nutrient molecules, smaller, simpler, nutrient molecules
So what if the l___ and c___ n___ molecules go through e___ b___ into s___ , s___ molecules?
So what if the large and complex nutrient molecules go through enzymatic breakdown into smaller, simpler molecules?
ANS:
small enough, diffuse across, partially permeable membrane, absorbed by cells
x3 rules
What is the role of HCl in gastric juice?
- Destroy, microorganisms, in, ingested, food
- activates pepsinogen -> pepsin
- acidic environment -> optimum pH, pepsin to work in
MEMO
Microorganisms!!**
LINK
Fibrinogen -> soluble fibrinogen in blood plasma (it is inactivated)
Activated by Thrombin
Becomes Insoluble Fibrin Threads
Similarly:
Pepsinogen -> activated by Hydrochloric Acid -> pepsin
Wat is the Buccal Cavity?
It is the area inside of the mouth
Buccal Cavity physical digestion process
Chewing
How is chewing carried out? (Describe the action of chewing)
Action: cut, large pieces, food, smaller pieces, food
Phys digestion: Food (pieces if mechanically digested)
Chem digestion: Nutrient Molecules
What is the result of chewing, churning
Increases surface area to volume ratio, enzymes, act on
Buccal Cavity gland and digestive juice secreted
Gland: Salivary Gland
Digestive juice: Saliva
Digestive Juice: fluid produced by glands, help digestive process
Salivary Amylase digests what into what
Starch –(salivary amylase)–> maltose
What is the process of physical digestion in the stomach?
Churning
gulu gulu
Describe Churning
Crush, liquefy, smaller pieces of food, chyme
MEMO
Who would try to fix a bell by crushing and liquefying small pieces of it when it was already so fragmented, spoilt and does not chime? Beats me.
Glands + Digestive Juice in stomach
Gastric Glands
Digestive Juice: Gastric Juice
I got gastric pain
Pepsin digests what?
Protein –(pepsin)–>short polypeptide chains
Small intestine main site of digestion
Duodenum
Small intestine physical digestion process
Emulsification
bile release into small intestine by gall bladder
produced by liver NOT pancreas
Describe emulsification
Bile, emulsifies, lipids, into, smaller, lipid, droplets
What is the result of emulsification
Increases surface area to volume ratio, faster digestion, lipids, by lipase
same as chewing churning
contextualised to fit bile. must specify
Small intestine secretes which enzymes?
Sucrase
Maltase
Erepsin
Intestinal Lipase
Lactase
What glands secretes SMELL enzymes?
Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Epi-the-lial
Epic the lial
List TAL enzymes + organ
Pancreas
Trypsin
Pancreatic Amylase
Pancreatic Lipase
What is digestive juice of small intestine, pancreas known as
Intestinal Juice
Pancreatic Juice
Define Absorption
Intake, digested nutrient molecules, into body cells
by
Diffusion, active transport
What are considered nutrients?
Reduced to the smallest form, so things such as maltose (diasacchride) is not accepted.
Fatty acids, glycerol
Glucose, fructose, galactose, animo acids
Which of the nutrients can be absorbed via diffusion only?
Fatty acids and Glycerol
subclavian vein
special guys
Which of the nutrients can be absorbed via diffusion, active transport?
glucose, fructose, galactose, animo acids
MEMO
only water-soluble nutrients
nutrients must all be in its’ most basic form
What are other useful substances that are not nutrients that are absorbed?
Water, mineral salts
What proccesses are the useful substances that are not nutrients are absorbed by?
Water: Osmosis
Mineral Salts: Diffusion, Active Transport
Pathway of nutrients and non-nutrients but useful substances (except f___ a__ and g___)
Intestinal lumen -> intestinal epithelial cells -> blood capillaries -> hepatic portal vein -> liver
Hepatic Portal Vein transports ____ to ____
nutrient-rich blood -> liver
Biological name of poop…. haha.
What forms the 大便？Where is it stored? What process gets rid of it?
- Undigested material, celluose, water, forms faeces,
- stored temporarily, rectum
- egested through anus
Adaptations of the inner walls of small intestine
- highly folded
- lined with finger-like projections, villi
- Small intestine is very long
Singular and Plural form of Villi
Singular -> villi
Plural -> villus
Adaptation of the Villi
- Rich supply of blood, blood capillaries
- Finger-like projections
- Epithelial cells of villus, minute folds, along cell surface membrane
MICROVILLI IS THE MINUTE FOLDS
Adaptation of the Epithelial cell
- Epithelial cells of villus, minute folds, along cell surface membrane
- Epithelial cells, numerous mitochondria
What is
Adaptations of the inner walls of small intestine
for?
- highly folded
- lined with finger-like projections, villi
- very long
- increase surface area volume ratio
- faster absorption, nutrient molecules, by diffusion, osmosis
What is adaptations of the villi for?
- Rich supply of blood, blood capillaries
- constant blood flow, carries absorbed nutrient molecules, away, small intestines
- maintains steep concentration gradient, nutrient molecules, between lumen small intestine, blood stream
- Finger-like projections, Minute folds of villus, along cell surface membrane, epithelial cells
- increases surface area to volume ratio, exchange, substances
insulin
glucagon
Which one is glucose -> glycogen
Which one is glycogen -> glucose
Into the body’s storage
Gone from body’s storage
insulin: glucose -> glycogen
glucagon: glycogen -> glucose
What are the adaptations of the intestinal epithelial cell for?
1 Epithelial cells of villus, minute folds, along cell surface membrane
- increase surface area, volume ratio, chemical digestion
2 numerous mitochondria
- carry out aerobic respiration, release energy faster absorption, glucose + animo acids by active transport
What is absorbed by diffusion?
- all nutrients
P.S > pls say which transport method e.g. diffusion it is absorbed by
Absorption Vs Assimilation
Absorption:
- Happens immediately
Assimilation:
- Using nutrient molecules for repair, growth
What is assimilation?
- absorbed nutrient molecules
- used produce,
new protoplasm - repair, growth respiration -> release energy
where does the fatty acids and glycerol recombine?
intestinal epithelial cells
Yes, the fatty acids and glycerol will recombine in the intestinal epithelial cells… (After it gets digested)
effector organs of insulin, glucagon
insulin
- muscles
- liver
glucagon
- liver
5 roles of liver
- detoxification
- animo acid metabolism
- regulate blood glucose levels
- fat digestion
- breakdown hormones
wat is d____ (liver funct)
- enzymatic conversion, harmful substances -> less harmful substances
wat is a__ a___ m___ (by liver)?
- deamination: converting excess animo acids -> urea, excreted kidneys, in urine
- animo group, animo acids: removed, converted -> ammonia -> urea (excreted)
- carbon residue: converted -> glucose
urea excreted in kidneys
how does pancreas+liver r__ b___ g___ l___ when it is too high
pancreas detect blood glucose lvl above norm, stimulated secrete more insulin
Insulin:
LIVER CELLS
- stimulate increase uptake, glucose
- convert excess glucose -> glycogen
MUSCLE, LIVER CELLS
- increase rate of aerobic respiration
There is always insulin in body hence write “more” insulin
how does pancreas+liver r___ b__ g___ l___ when it is too low?
- low blood glucose below norm
- liver stimulate islets of Langerharn -> secrete more glucagon
glucagon:
- stimulate liver cells convert glycogen -> glucose
- synthesize glucose -> animo acids + glycerol (gluconeogenesis)
- release glucose into bloodstream
how does liver cells p__ i___ f__ d___
- produces bile
- bile emulsify fats -> smaller droplets
- increase SA:Vol ratio
- faster digestion of lipase
path of travel of bile from liver
liver -> bile duct -> duodenum
short term effects of alcohol
- slurred speech
- blurred vision
- unsteady gait
- increased reaction time
- reduced self-control
long term effects of alcohol
- gastric ulcers leading to stomach cancer
- fatty liver leading to liver cirrhosis
- brain damage
social implications of alcohol consumption
- work absenteeism
- work accidents
- increased expenditure on alcohol
- increased domestic violence
- sexual adventuresomeness
digestive juice that liver produces
bile
