11 Infectious Diseases in Humans Flashcards
Define Disease
condition where
- threatens health
- disrupt human body system funct
Infectious disease traits
- cause pathogens, parasites, fungi
- Transferrable organism 2 organism
- ingest food, water, contact w/ bodily fluids
Pathogens: Anything causing disease
4 diff infectious disease + Transmission via…?
influenza virus infection/Pneumoccocal: airborne/droplet transmitted
Syphillis:
sexually transmitted
Dengue fever:
vector (i.e. mosquito) transmitted
Example
pneumoccocal disease bacteria
Strep to cco cus
Pneumonia
2 Example of bacterial infections
Pneumoccocal disease (streptoccocus pneumonia); syphillis
streptoccocus pneumonia cause all pneumoccal disease
1 Example viral infection
dengue virus
characteristics of non infectious disease
CANNOT Transfer organism 2 organism
Get by: old age, malnutrition, genetics
Genetic cause disease
other than T1 diabetes
Sickle cell anemia
Mutation change struct chromosome 11 HbA gene
variant haemoglobin
- less soluble plasma
- nvr bind readily, oxygen
T2 diabetes is genetic predeposition
Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
Outer Coat
bacteria
cell surface membrane, peptoglycan cell wall
virus
ALWAYS protein coat, sometimes lipid envelope
Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
Genetic Material location
bacteria
free-floating, cytoplasm
virus
enclosed, protein coat
BOTH NOT ENCLOSED, NUCLEUS
they dont even have one lol
Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
genetic material in DNA/RNA?
bacteria
chromosomal, plasmid material is DNA
virus
DNA/RNA
chromosomal material -> chromosomes
plasmid material -> the circle thing in bacteria
Bacteria Cell vs Virus Particle
defintion + require host? + reproduction
bacteria
- free living cell
- no host req
- own ribosomes, enzymes
virus
- obligate intracellular parasite
- living host cell
- host ribosomes, enzymes
cell is the point. cos they need ribosomes/enzymes to reproduce
Bacteria Cell VS Virus Particle
which classified under
“pathogens”
aka bad guys lah
bacteria cell
some pathogens
virus particle
all pathogens
theres good bacteria for the gut but no good virus
pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus
same signs
cough, fever
pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus
different signs
SIGNS: External party can observe
SYMPTOMS: Only obvious to patient themselves
pneumoccocal
difficulty breathing
influenza
sore throat, runny nose
pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus
same symptoms
SIGNS: External party can observe, detect
SYMPTOMS: Only obvious to patient themselves
pneumoccocal
MENGITIS,
influenza
Headache
pneumoccocal pneumonia has no similar symptoms as headache.
pneumoccocal disease vs influenza virus
different symptoms
Pneumoccocal PNEUMONIA
chest pain
influenza
muscle aches, fatigue/tiredness
Otitis media
1. what kind of disease
2. symptoms
- pneumoccocal disease
- ear pain
RECAP
pneumoccocal = airbone/droplet transmission
any treatment for
1. pneumoccocal disease
2. influenza virus
- antibiotics
- home rest
influenza vs pneumoccocal disease
similar modes of transmission
- transfer airborne respiratory droplets containing pathogen → eyes, nose, mouth
- respiratory secretion containing pathogen → direct contact
influenza vs pneumoccocal disease
similar methods prevent transmission
Preventative, NOT TREATMENT
- vaccinated
- wear mask, isolate when unwell
- handwashing -> soap, water
vaccine: useful both bacteria, virus
KEYWORD
“define”
“what is meant by” (2m)
“what is meant by” (3m)
“define”: definition
“what is meant by” 2m: definition + examples
“what is meant by 3m:”
defintion + elaboration with example
Evaluate Format
- make stand
- quote data/evidence MUST SUPPORT STAND + comment reliability/relevance
- correlation does not mean causation
female/male
sex
in bio cant write gender
how vaccine work
- agent, resembles pathogen (i.e. weakened bacteria // virus protein coat)
- stimulate primary immune resp, lymphocytes produced recognise specific antigens, pathogen
- lymphocytes remain, bloodstream
- when actual pathogen infects, able quickly produce large amt antibodies
- confers immunity, prevent spread, infectious disease
pathogen as vaccine works on virus, bacteria!!
how antibiotics work
- chemicals block metabolic pathways
- bacteria, bacteriostatic, bactericidal
- inhibit enzymes involve, DNA replication, DNA transcription, RNA Synthesis, protein synthesis by bacteria ribosomes, csm function, bacteria peptoglycian cell wall synthesis
bacteriostatic vs bactericidal
bacteriostatic -> prevent growth, reproduction bacteria
bactericidal -> cause bacteria cell death
Describe and explain antibiotics misuse
- ineffective, viruses, structural, reproductive differences
- viruses dun have cell wall, membranes, targeted antibiotics (only protein coat, sometimes lipid envelope)
- virus reproduce, host cell enzymes, ribosomes, not affected, antibiotics
- misuse, not completing course, antibiotics accelerate emergence antibiotic-resistant bacteria
does not make sense, design antibiotics -> target host ribosomes
how antibiotic resistant bacteria develop
1.random gene mutation, plasmid transfer -> bacteria cells in population, genetic variation in antibiotic resistance
- antibiotics exert selection pressure, antibiotic resistant bacteria cells adapt better, membrane cells pump out antibiotics
- bacteria cells, sensitive antibiotics die off
- misuse/not completing course, anitibiotics -> antibiotic resistant bacteria, survive treatment, reproduce more daughter cells, inherit allele, antibiotic resistance
- proportion population w/ antibiotic resistance allele, increase gradually many generations population evolve -> antibiotic resistant
some bacteria may give antibiotic resistance -> other bacteria
keywords for data description
desc how data is + comment
data fluctuates around (avg of data), therefore showing no obvious trend ()
