HIV/AIDS

Question 1

what kind of virus?

Answer 1

retrovirus

Question 2

what are the target sites for HIV?

Answer 2

CD4

Question 3

what is CD4? where is it found?

Answer 3

a glycoprotein, found on surface of cells

Question 4

which cell types is it found on?

Answer 4

T helper lymphocytes, dendritic macrophages, macrophages, microglial cells

Question 5

what do helper t cells do?

Answer 5

recognise MCH2 antigen presenting cells, activate B cells (antibodies), activate cytotoxic t cells (killer T), cytokine release

Question 6

if you have HIV infection, what happens to numbers of helper T cells?

Answer 6

reduced, you get a decreased proliferation of helper t cells

Question 7

why do you get a reduction in antibodies?

Answer 7

HIV attacks helper T cells, which activate B cells, which produce antibodies

Question 8

If you have HIV, you have a susceptibility to ?

Answer 8

viral infections, fungal infections, mycobacterial infections, infection induced cancers

Question 9

what is the normal value of helper t cells?

Answer 9

500-1600

Question 10

risk of opportunistic infection if below?

Answer 10

200

Question 11

when do you get rapid replication of the virus

Answer 11

very early and very late stages of the infection, with a new generation every 6-12 hours

Question 12

which cells do HIV actually infect?

Answer 12

mucosal CD4 cells

Question 13

when is the infection established?

Answer 13

within 3 days of entry

Question 14

2-4 weeks after the infection, what sort of symptoms would you expect?

Answer 14

fever, rash, myalgia, pharyngitis, headache. ACUTE HIV SYNDROME

Question 15

after 3 weeks, your virus level is high and CD4 levels are down to about half

Answer 15

y

Question 16

what happens in-between acute HIV syndrome and symptoms of AIDS?

Answer 16

asymptomatic period

Question 17

how do you treat pneumocystis pneumonia?

Answer 17

co-trimoxazole

Question 18

what kind of cancer can you get in AIDS?

Answer 18

kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 19

what accounts for 94% of transmission?

Answer 19

sex

Question 20

how else could you get it?

Answer 20

drug injectors

Question 21

how can HIV spread from mother to child?

Answer 21

in utero, at delivery, breastfeeding

Question 22

HIV virus binds to CD4 receptor and one co receptor, what are these?

Answer 22

CCR5, CXCR4

Question 23

what is the enzyme that makes double standed DNA from single?

Answer 23

reverse transcriptase

Question 24

what enzyme integrates viral DNA into the host?

Answer 24

integrase

Question 25

transcription then occurs, long chains of proteins are made, immature virus pushes out of cell. buds off taking cell membrane with it

Answer 25

y

Question 26

what enzyme processes proteins in newly forming virus?

Answer 26

proteases

Question 27

what does the protease enzyme finish?

Answer 27

cutting HIV protein chains into individual proteins to make a NEW WOKRING VIRUS

Question 28

what is an NRTI?

Answer 28

reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Question 29

example of this drug?

Answer 29

retrovir

Question 30

generally, protease inhibitors and NRTIs are ?

Answer 30

potent liver enzyme inhibitors

Question 31

what is the definition of highly active anti retro viral therapy?

Answer 31

a combination of 3 drugs from at least 2 drug classes to which the virus is suceptible

Question 32

single best co formulation?

Answer 32

EF LA TE - efavirenz, lamivudine, tenovir

Question 33

what term describes a relationship where one partner is hiv positive and other is negative?

Answer 33

serodiscordant

Question 34

what is sperm washing?

Answer 34

individual sperm separated from semen

Question 35

what is HAART?

Answer 35

customised combination of medications that a physician prescribes based on viral load/strain etc

Question 36

what can you get from this though?

Answer 36

HAART toxicity, GI effects, bone CVS, haematology, renal toxicity

Question 37

another way to conceive?

Answer 37

timed unprotected sex with HAART

Question 38

how do you prevent mother to child transmission during pregnancy?

Answer 38

HAART

Question 39

when would you do a vaginal delivery?

Answer 39

when there is an undetectable load

Question 40

when would you do a CS?

Answer 40

when there is a detectable viral load

Question 41

a woman has been exposed to chlamydia infection last week, what do you do?

Answer 41

start treatment - starts on exposure o the infection, not proven infection

Question 42

if you suspected there was not enough progesterone, and this was causing infertility, when would you check progesterone levels?

Answer 42

day 21