History Final Flashcards
Hunter-Gatherer societies
People probably came from Africa then migrated elsewhere Paleolithic Times -know for controlling fire -Adapted to their environment -Typically hunter-gatherers -Specific gender roles -Men(hunted) -Woman(raised children, gathered) -Men and women were equal Neolithic -Happened because of warming in the climate after ice age -Didn't take place instantly everywhere, different areas experienced their own revolution at their own times Pastoralism-domestication of animals major developments
Roman and Chinese gender relations
Rome -Men are superior -Patriarch Chinese -Same as Rome
Patriarchy
Male dominated society
Hammurabi’s Code
Laws in ancient Mesopotamia(Sumerians)
By the Babylonian king, Hammurabi
fall of rome social
Rise of Christianity
-Those who were fighting in the army were looked down upon by Christians-commiting sin
-Christians taught pacifism
-Church schisms
Decline in Morals and values
-Prostitutes
-Leaders wasted money on parties instead of the empire
-A lot of gladiator fights(brutal fights that all citizens attended)
Public health
-Used lead pipes for their water
-Spread of disease
-Alcohol consumption
Inferior technology
-Relied too much on animal and human labor
-Didn’t invent anything new
-Couldn’t provide for their people
-Didn’t adapt to the new technology of the land they conquered
-Slowly lost territory
fall of rome military
-The empire was getting too big, it was really hard to control their empire, not enough patrol at the borders Military spending
-Spent a lot of money on the borders so the Barbarians
could not get in.
-Left little money for other parts of the empire(like road conditions, public housing, etc)
-Many people started to get mad and started to not support the empire
-Had to hire soldiers from other places and then the
soldiers were unreliable
-Because of the military spending, the empire had to raise the taxes- many people didn’t like this.
-Increasing attacks by Barbarians
-3rd century AD- Roman empire was fighting a civil war with Italy and they weren’t careful on keeping the borders strong. Soon germanic hunters and whatnot came into the empire and started to overthrow them
-Fast Expansion of the Empire
-The empire was growing so fast that they couldn’t keep the borders secure and strong.
-Many rebellions
-Barbarian Knowledge of Roman Military Tactics
-By serving in the army, barbarians gained knowledge of roman military tactics
fall of rome economic
-Emperors of Rome had bad policies, their decline in economics led to a worse military
Political Corruption
-Emperors were chosen by the previous emperor and led to corruption
-The army was fed up with the not cool beans emperor so they strangled them leading to more rebelion
-This happened many times
Slave Labor
-This resulted in rebelion for obvious reasons
-Caused technological changes and growth
-Because of wars against slaves, people changed their views on slavery
Unemployment
-Farming was starting to be done on a large scale (this is called latifundia) with wealthy people and slaves
-This made food cheaper and farmers could not keep up with the cheap prices of large scale farming therefore leaving farmers jobless.
Inflation- and increase in prices
-The emperor Marcus Aurelius stopped conquering lands and decreased the amount of gold in the economy.
-The coins that were originally made with gold stopped having as much in it therefore decreasing the value of coins.
-As and effect of this, merchants had to start marking up prices of goods.
Urban Decay
-Most Romans were not very wealthy so they lived in small apartment-like rooms that smelled like death because they did not have plumbing
-The rent was $40 a year and if you couldn’t pay rent, you were sent onto the crime ridden streets leading to decay
greek philosophers
Socrates
-Father of Greek thought
-Created Socratic Method of thinking
-Put to death because he was questioning state religion
Plato
-Wrote about all we know of Socrates
-Student of Socrates
-Wrote about the thought of 3 class of people
-Cave metaphor
Aristotle
-Plato’s student
-Tutor of Alexander the Great
mandate of heaven
Zhou dynasty
- Only 1 true ruler of China at a time, who had the blessing of the gods
- Gave explanation to why things happened and that the gods were in charge
Pax Romana / Pax Sinica
A long period of peace in China
Formation of Silk Trade(brought Buddhism)
The end of Pax Sinica
-Smallpox, measles, and bubonic plague killed ¼ of population
-Small farmers gave land o big farmers to pay off debts
-Peasant upbringing
Civil Service Exam
From Han Dynasty
Created a National; University to prepare people for employment, based on Confucian philosophies
greek city states
Each city-state had its own form of government
No central government
Each had the same religions and culture(not forced)
Because of its geography, it led to the creation of poeis(cities)
Cities sometimes fought
Political systems
Monarchy-a king rules
Aristocracy-the nobles rule
Oligarchy-a few wealthy landowners and merchants rule
Democracy-all citizens participate
Mohenjo-Daro
Built around 2500 BC by Indus Valley Civilization
Abandoned when the the civilization started to fall but was later rediscovered
Collapse of Han China
Natural disasters Emperors kept dying -Court took advantage Political court battles Rebilions Battles
spread of christianity
Most people were polytheistic Paul the Apostle spread monotheism Teachings of Christianity were against fighting(armies), taught pacifism Internal church schisms Might have led to the fall of Rome
silk road- goods
From afghanistan -Copper and tin From Iran -Silk From China -Exotic animals and plants -Didn’t say where this is from just that these were traded. -Gold and other metals and Ivory, gems, stones, and glass -In caravans heading to china -Dates,saffron powder, pistachio nuts -Furs -Pistachio nuts From persia- to china -Ceramics -Jade -Bronze -Crops -etc
silk road ideas
Religions
Buddhism went to China, Central Asia, India
silk road diseases
Measles
Smallpox
Bubonic plague
4 noble truths of buddhism
Dukkha
Samudāya
Nirodha
Magga
location of hinduism
india
comparing mesopotamia nad hebrew beliefs
Mesopotamia
-Military leaders were more important than priests and became known as kings
-Polytheistic, built ziggurats for worship
-Had slaves, lower class were hired workers
-Upper class woman had a little freedom
Hebrew
-Founded by Abraham
-Forced to leave Canaan due to drought, went to
Egypt, enslaved
-Moses led them out of Egypt and into modern day Israel
-Monotheistic
belief of doaism
Founder is said to be Laozi, also called Old Master
Goal is to seek harmony with nature
Followers renounce all worldly ambitions and let the universe run its course(give up ambitions, don’t change the world, just go with it)
oracle bones
Used during the Shang Dynasty
We know of their writing system because of Oracle Bones
Fortune tellers, tells the future
Ancient Writing
Paleolithic -Art work shows us the climate Sumerians -Cuneiform -World’s first writing system created by scribes -Made using clay Ancient Egypt -Hieroglyphics -Form of writing on papyrus, a type of plant like paper -Developed number system based on 10 Indus Valley Civilization -Sanskrit -Form of writing -Evolved the language into Hindi Olmec -Developed calendar and number system that includes 0 -Glyphs -Pictures of real objects
sunni/shia
Sunni -One of the main branches of Islam -Accepts first 3 caliphs -Has a different understanding of Sunna than Shia Shia -One of the 2 main branches of Islam -Mostly followed in Iran -Rejects first 3 caliphs, accepts Ali(4th caliph) as the true successor of Muhammed
reincarnation
Buddhism and Jainism
To be reborn into a new life based on your previous life
If you lived a good life, you’ll reincarnate as something that’s epicly cool beans
budhism emergence
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
Pampered young prince who wanted to understand suffering
Left his family to become ascetic(giving up everything he has)
Meditated, after he became enlightened and called himself Buddha(the enlightened one)