Histopathology 21: Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What does pulmonary oedema look like on histology ?

A

Intra-alveolar fluid

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2
Q

What is the name of the neonatal disease in which preterm babies have insufficient surfactant production ?

A

Hyaline membrane disease of the newborn

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3
Q

“On post-mortem examination of the lungs they are heavier than normal, expanded and firm. They are plumb coloured and airless”

Which disease does this describe ?

A

Acute lung injuries: ARDS or hyaline membrane disease of the newborn

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4
Q

List 4 acute changes to the airways in asthma ?

A

Bronchospasm
Oedema
Hyperaemia
Inflammation

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5
Q

List 4 chronic changes to the airways in asthma ?

A

Muscular hypertrophy
Airway narrowing
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Scarring

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6
Q

What are the histological findings of asthma ?

A
Eosinophils and mast cells 
Hypertrophic goblet cells 
Dilated vessels
Thick muscular layer 
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
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7
Q

What are the histological findings of Chronic bronchitis?

A

Dilated airways
Mucous gland hyperplasia
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Mild inflammation

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8
Q

What are the histological findings of emphysema ?

A

Centrilobular damage to alveolar tissue

Panacinar (if alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency)

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9
Q

List 5 pathologies seen with cystic fibrosis ?

A
Lungs- Thick mucous with recurrent infections
G.I tract- meconium ileus
Pancreas - pancreatitis 
Liver - cirrhosis 
Male reproductive system - Infertility
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10
Q

List histological features of Bronchopneumonia ?

A

Patchy bronchial/peri bronchial distribution often the lower lobes
Acute inflammation surrounding airways and in alveoli

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11
Q

List histological features of lobar pneumonia ?

A

Widespread fibrinosuppurative consolidation

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12
Q

Which tumours tend to arise in the airways ?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

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13
Q

Which tumours tend to arise in the peripheral alveolar spaces ?

A

Adenocarcinomas

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14
Q

Which tumours tend to arise in the lung pleura ?

A

Mesothelioma

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15
Q

Which tumours tend to arise centrally or peripherally ?

A

Small cell lung cancer

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16
Q

Which lung cancers are more associated with smokers than non-smokers ?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas

Whereas non-smokers tend to get adenocarcinomas

17
Q

Which mutations are more common in smokers and non-smokers with adenocarcinomas of the lungs?

A

Smokers - K ras

Non-smokers - EGFR

18
Q

Which has the worse prognosis: small cell lung cancer or non-small cell lung cancers ?

A

Small cell lung cancers

19
Q

What is hypogammaglobulinaemia ?

A

An Immune disorder characterised by a reduction in all types of gamma globulins e.g antibodies that form part of the immune response.

Congenital, iatrogenic

SCID, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, CLL, nephrotic syndrome

20
Q

Which cancer is associated with asbestos exposure ?

A

Mesothelioma

21
Q

Which 3 cancers are considered NSCLC

A
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Large cell carcinoma
22
Q

List 3 congenital causes of bronchiectasis ?

A
  • CF
  • Primary colliery dyskinesia
  • Hypogammaglobulinaemia
  • Yellow nail syndrome
23
Q

List 3 fibrosing causes of interstitial lung disease ?

A
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Radiation pneumonitis
24
Q

List 2 granulomatous causes of interstitial lung disease?

A
  • Sarcoidosis

- extrinsic allergic alveolitis

25
Q

Which part of the lung does asbestosis tend to affect ?

A
  • Lower lobe
26
Q

List 2 examples of extrinsic allergic alveolitis ?

A
  • Farmer’s lung

- Pigeon fancier’s lung

27
Q

List 3 examples of pneumoconiosis ?

A
  • Coal worker’s lung
  • Silicosis
  • asbestosis
28
Q

How is Extrinsic allergic alveolitis different to pneumoconiosis ?

A
  • Pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of mineral dust or inorganic particles leading to fibrosis
  • EAA is caused by inhalation of organic antigens which cause an allergic response leading to fibrosis
  • EAA has allergic symptoms when exposed to the organic antigen- SOB, fever, chest pain