Histopathology 16: Lower GI Flashcards
A 2 year old boy with down syndrome presents with symptoms of constipation with overflow diarrhoea and vomiting. There are signs of abdominal distension.
What is the most likely diagnosis ?
Hirschsprung’s disease
Where does Volvulus tend to occur in children? Where does it occur in adults ?
Children= small bowel Adults = Sigmoid colon
Which organism causes pseudomembranous colitis ?
C.difficile
antibiotics kill commensal bacteria and allow C.diff to flourish. It’s endotoxins cause Pseudomembranous colitis
List 5 features of Crohn’s disease ?
Transmural inflammation Skip lesions Non-caseating granulomas Cobblestone mucosa Can affect anus to mouth
List 5 features of Ulcerative colitis ?
Involves rectum and Colon but not small bowel
Inflammation confined to the mucosa
Inflammation is continuous, no skip lesions
Backwash ileitis- terminal ileum gets involved
Can cause toxic megacolon
List 3 skin lesions seen in Crohn’s ?
Erythema multiforme
Erythema nodosum
Pyoderma gangrenosum
List 3 familial syndromes characterised by polyps ?
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Peutz-jeghers syndrome
Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
Name 2 subtypes of FAP ?
Gardner’s syndrome
Turcot syndrome
List 5 extra-intestinal manifestations of Gardner’s syndrome ?
Multiple Osteomas of the skull and mandible
Epidermal cysts
Desmoid tumours
Dental carries/ unerrupted supernumerary teeth
Post surgical mesenteric fibromatoses
List 3 features seen in carcinoid syndrome ?
- Flushing
- Diarrhoea
- Bronchoconstriction / tachycardia
Which test is used to diagnose carcinoid syndrome ?
- 24 hour urine 5-HIAA
Which paediatric disease presents with up to 100 hamartomatous polyps in children <5 years old ?
Juvenile polyposis
List 3 features of peutz-jeghers syndrome ?
- multiple hamartomatous polyps
- freckles around mouth
- mucocutaenous hyperpigmentation
Which staging system is used to stage colorectal cancer ?
-Duke’s staging
Which tumour marker identifies colorectal cancer ?
CEA
