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Path year 5 > Histopath - Resp > Flashcards

Histopath - Resp Flashcards

1
Q

What does neoplasm mean?

A

Abnormal cell growth

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2
Q

What is Asthma?

A

A condition in which breathing is periodically difficult due to widespread narrowing of the airways - changes in severity over short periods of time

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3
Q

Histopathology of asthma

A

Airway remodelling with smooth muscle hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia, and eosinophilia in severe cases

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4
Q

What are the 2 components of COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis (coughing) and emphysema (issues with alveoli)

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5
Q

Histopathology of COPD

A

neutrophilic infiltration into airways,
loss of alveoli, elastic fibres, and lung parenchyma

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6
Q

How does alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency present?

A
  • Young
  • Non-smoker
  • Non-drinker
  • SOB
  • Abdo distension
  • Spider naevi
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7
Q

What is the cause of CF?

A

Autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene on chromosome 7

Mutation leads to defective ion transport –> excessive resorption of water from secretions of exocrine glands –> abnormally thick mucous secretions –> affects all organ systems

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8
Q

What are common complications of CF?

A
  • Recurrent lung infections
  • Pancreatic insufficiency
  • Malabsorption
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9
Q

Histopathology of CF

A

mucous clogged airways and inflammatory cell infiltration

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10
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Pathological airway dilation secondary/reactive to recurrent infections

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11
Q

Histopathology of bronchiectasis?

A

Dilated fibrotic airways with mucous plugging

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12
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in alveolar spaces as a consequence of ‘leaky capillaries’ or ‘back pressure’ from failing ventricles

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13
Q

Causes of pulmonary oedema

A
  • Left heart failure
  • Alveolar injury
  • High altitude
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14
Q

Histopatholog of pulmonary oedema

A

Acute = heavy, watery lungs + intra-alveolar fluid

Chronic = iron-laden macrophages (heart failure cells), fibrosis

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15
Q

What is diffuse alveolar damage?

A

Acute diffuse lung injury in which patients present with rapid onset of respiratory failure, requiring ventilation on ITU

(ARDS in adults)

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16
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage CXR finding

A

White out all lung fields

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of diffuse alveolar damage

A

Acute damage to alveolar endothelium and/or epithelium leading to exudative inflammatory reaction

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18
Q

Which types of patients tend to get bronchopneumonia as opposed to lobar?

A

Comprimised host defences

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19
Q

What type of organisms usually cause bronchopneumonia?

A

Low-virulence organisms: staphylococcus, haemophilus, streptococcus, pneumococcus

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20
Q

Histopathology of bronchopneumonia

A

Patchy bronchial and peribronchial distribution, acute inflammation surrounding airways and within alveoli

21
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

Acute bacterial infection of a large portion of a lobe
or entire lobe

22
Q

What type of organism usually causes lobar pneumonia?

A

High virulence organisms, e.g., Strep. pneumoniae

23
Q

Histopathology of lobar pneumonia

A

Widespread fibrinosuppurative consolidation

24
Q

What is a fibrosing lung disease?

A

Chronic and progressive fibrosing diseases of the lung

25
Q

What are the main 3 types of fibrosing lung disease?

A
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis / cyptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
  • Extrinsic allergic alveolitis/farmers lung
    • Organic allergens
  • Industrial lung disease/pneumoconiosis
    • Caused by breathing in specific dusts in workplace
26
Q

What is the gold standard Ix for pulmonary fibrosis?

A

HRCT (high res CT) ±biopsy

27
Q

What spirometry pattern do fibrosing lung diseases show?

A

Restrictive

28
Q

What is a pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

Embolisation of peripheral thrombus to the lung

29
Q

What is a common site formation of pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

Deep veins of the leg

30
Q

RFs fro Pulmonary thromboembolism

A
  • obesity
  • immobility
  • pregnancy
  • malignancy
  • surgery
  • advanced age
  • thrombotic diseases
31
Q

Proportion of lung ca which are small cell cancers

A

20%

32
Q

What RF is small cell lung ca closely associated with?

A

Smoking

33
Q

Where are small cell lung cancers often found?

A

Centrally near bronchi

34
Q

Which mutations is small cell lung cancer associated with?

A

P53 and RB1 (retinoblastoma)

35
Q

Prognosis for small cell lung cancer?

A

Poor

(As highly malignant -> quick mets)

36
Q

Histopathology of small cell lung cancer

A

Small, poorly differentiated ‘oat cells’

37
Q

What are 3 paraneoplastic syndromes of small cell lung cancer?

A

SIADH, Lambert-Eaton, Cushing’s

38
Q

What are the three types of non-small cell lung cancers?

A

Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma

39
Q

Which type of lung cancer is most common in non-smokers?

A

Adenocarinoma

(++F>M)

40
Q

Where are adenocarcinomas often located?

A

Peripherally

41
Q

Which mutations is adenocarcinoma associated with?

A

KRAS and EGFR

42
Q

Which lung cancer has the biggest association with smoking?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

43
Q

Where are squamous cell carcinomas often found?

A

Originating from bronchi

44
Q

Which mutation is squamous cell carcinoma associated with?

A

p53

45
Q

Which paraneoplastic syndrome is squamous cell carcinoma associated with?

A

Hypercalcaemia of malignancy (PTHrp)

46
Q

Histopathology of large cell carcinoma

A
  • Poorly differentiated tumours (composed of large cells)
  • No evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation
47
Q

*Which lung ca is associated w hyponatraemia?

A

small-cell lung ca

48
Q

*Which ca does asbestos cause?

A

Mesothelioma

49
Q

*MUcous producing lung ca

A

Mucinous adenocarcinoma

Path year 5 (48 decks)

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