Histopath - Resp Flashcards
What does neoplasm mean?
Abnormal cell growth
What is Asthma?
A condition in which breathing is periodically difficult due to widespread narrowing of the airways - changes in severity over short periods of time
Histopathology of asthma
Airway remodelling with smooth muscle hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia, and eosinophilia in severe cases
What are the 2 components of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis (coughing) and emphysema (issues with alveoli)
Histopathology of COPD
neutrophilic infiltration into airways,
loss of alveoli, elastic fibres, and lung parenchyma
How does alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency present?
- Young
- Non-smoker
- Non-drinker
- SOB
- Abdo distension
- Spider naevi
What is the cause of CF?
Autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene on chromosome 7
Mutation leads to defective ion transport –> excessive resorption of water from secretions of exocrine glands –> abnormally thick mucous secretions –> affects all organ systems
What are common complications of CF?
- Recurrent lung infections
- Pancreatic insufficiency
- Malabsorption
Histopathology of CF
mucous clogged airways and inflammatory cell infiltration
What is bronchiectasis?
Pathological airway dilation secondary/reactive to recurrent infections
Histopathology of bronchiectasis?
Dilated fibrotic airways with mucous plugging
What is pulmonary oedema?
Accumulation of fluid in alveolar spaces as a consequence of ‘leaky capillaries’ or ‘back pressure’ from failing ventricles
Causes of pulmonary oedema
- Left heart failure
- Alveolar injury
- High altitude
Histopatholog of pulmonary oedema
Acute = heavy, watery lungs + intra-alveolar fluid
Chronic = iron-laden macrophages (heart failure cells), fibrosis
What is diffuse alveolar damage?
Acute diffuse lung injury in which patients present with rapid onset of respiratory failure, requiring ventilation on ITU
(ARDS in adults)
Diffuse alveolar damage CXR finding
White out all lung fields
Pathogenesis of diffuse alveolar damage
Acute damage to alveolar endothelium and/or epithelium leading to exudative inflammatory reaction
Which types of patients tend to get bronchopneumonia as opposed to lobar?
Comprimised host defences
What type of organisms usually cause bronchopneumonia?
Low-virulence organisms: staphylococcus, haemophilus, streptococcus, pneumococcus
Histopathology of bronchopneumonia
Patchy bronchial and peribronchial distribution, acute inflammation surrounding airways and within alveoli
What is lobar pneumonia?
Acute bacterial infection of a large portion of a lobe
or entire lobe
What type of organism usually causes lobar pneumonia?
High virulence organisms, e.g., Strep. pneumoniae
Histopathology of lobar pneumonia
Widespread fibrinosuppurative consolidation
What is a fibrosing lung disease?
Chronic and progressive fibrosing diseases of the lung
