Histopath - Fundamentals Flashcards
What cells are these?
(Multilobed purple nuclei with pink granules)
Neutrophils
What cells are these?
(Large cells with lots of cytoplasm)
Macrophages
What cells are these?
(Huge dark purple nucelus)
Lymphocytes
What cells are these?
(Blue granulation)
Plasma cells
What cells are these?
(Bi-lobed nuceli (blue) with red granules)
Eosinophils
What cells are these?
(Large cells containing lots of granules)
Mast cells
What is the function of neutrophils?
Acute inflammmation
What is the function of macrophages?
Late acute inflammation, usually phagocytic
Chronic inflammation -> becomes more secretory
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Chronic inflammation
What does lymphoma mean?
Sheets of lymphocytes
What is the function of plasma cells?
Chronic inflammation
Prevalent in myelomas
What is the function of eosinophils?
Allergic reactions
Parasitic infections
Tumours e.g., Hodgkin’s disease, SCC, MPD
What is the function of mast cells?
Allergic reactions
What is a carcinoma?
Malignancy of epithelial cells
What are the 3 main tumour types within carcinomas?
- Squamous cell
- Adenocarcinomas
- Transitional cell
Which tumour cell type is this?
Squamous cell
*Histological features of squamous cell tumours
- Intracellular bridges (appear as little prickles on edge of cells)
- Keratin production
- Do NOT form glands
Sites of squamous cell tumours
- Skin, head, and neck
- Oesophagus (upper and middle 1/3)
- Anus, Cervix, Vagina
Which tumour cell type is this?
Adenocarcinoma
Histological features of adenocarcinoma cells
- From glandular epithelium
- Forms glands that can secrete substances (e.g., mucin)
Sites of adenocarcinoma
- Lung
- Breast
- Stomach
- Colon
- Pancreas
Which tumour cell type is this?
Transitional cell
Histological features of transitional cell tumours
Epithelium can stretch
Sites of transitional cell tumours
- Kidney pelvis
- Ureters
- Bladder
Histochemical v ImmunoHistochemical stains
HistoChemical stain: based on chemical reaction between the stain and tissue
ImmunoHistochemical stain: involves antibodies directed against a specific antigen which then detect antibody-antigen complexes
What does +ve Fontana stain mean?
Melanin
*What does +ve Congo red stain mean?
Amyloid
(Apple green birefringence)
What does +ve Prussian blue stain mean?
Iron
(Haemochromatosis)
What do H&E stain for in Hemtoxylin and Eosin stain?
H stains for BASIC parts - purple/blue
E stains for ACIDIC parts - red/pink
How do immunofluorescence stains work?
Ab binds to Ag
(Direct: Ab is fluorescently tagged,
Indirect: a further fluorescently tagged Ab binds to Ab-Ag complex)
How do Immunoperoxidase stains work?
Ab binds to Ag in tissue -> then you add enzyme to Ab + additional substrate -> product has a specific colour change
*What is called when you have discontinuation of epithelium
Ulcer
*Nutmeg liver
right sided/ congestive cardiac failure
*Rhodamine stain
For copper - Wilson’s
can present w personality changes and parkinsons vibes oo
*Prussian blue stain, diabetes, fatty stools, weight loss, ‘slate grey skin’ and joint pains
Haemochromatosis
*Fistula
connection between two epithelial surfaces
*Non-caseatng v caseating granuloma
Non-caseating: Crohn’s & sarcoidosis
Caseating: TB
