Histopath - Gynae Flashcards

1
Q

Which HPV strains are most associated with cervical cancer?

A

HPV 16 and 18

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of HPV vaccines?

A
  • Cervarix: bivalent (16+18)
  • Gardasil: quadrivalent (6, 11, 16, 18)
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3
Q

CIN and cervical Ca RFs

A
  • Many sexual partners/sexually active early
  • Smoking
  • Immunosuprression
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4
Q

Most common direction of PID

A

Ascending infection

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5
Q

Most common cause PID in the UK

A

Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea

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6
Q

Most common cause PID in the world

A

TB and schistosomiasis

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7
Q

PID Complications

A
  • Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome (adhesions)
  • Peritonitis
  • Infertility
  • Intestinal obstructions
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8
Q

What is CIN

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - dysplasia in the cervical epithelium, but membrane intact (pre-malignant, pre-invasive)

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9
Q

What type of cells does CIN usually occur in?

A

Squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What is CGIN?

A

Cervical GLANDULAR intrapithelial neoplasia

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11
Q

What type of cells does CGIN usually affect?

A

Columnar-glandular epithelium

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12
Q

What does CIN develop to (malignancy)?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

What does CGIN develop to (malignancy)?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

When does CIN/CGIN become malignant?

A

When there is invasion through the basement membrane

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15
Q

Which type of endometrial ca is more common?

A

Type 1 (85%), Type 2 (15%)

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16
Q

What kind of patients get type 1 endometrial cancer verus type 2?

A

Type 1: Younger patients

Type 2: older patients

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17
Q

Endometrial ca oestrogen-dependence type 1 v 2

A

Type 1: oestrogen-dependent

Type 2: less oestrogen-dependent

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18
Q

What is type 1 Endometrial Ca associated with?

A

Atypical endometrial hyperplasia

19
Q

What is type 2 endometrial ca associated with?

A

Atrophic endometrium

20
Q

FIGO staging 1 -4

A

1: Confined to uterus
2: Spread to cervix
3: Spread to anexae, vagina, local LN
4: Other pelvic organs, distant spread

21
Q

What is gestational trophoblastic disease?

A

a spectrum of tumours and tumour-like conditions characterised by proliferation of pregnancy-associated trophoblastic tissue

22
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of GTD?

A
  1. Hydatiform Moles (Complete/ Incomlpete)
  2. Invasive Moles
  3. Choriocarcinoma
23
Q

GTD: complete/partial presentation

A

Very high HCG

24
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Malignant trophoblastic cancer (usually of placenta) - rapidly invasive but responds well to chemo

25
What are the twp forms of pathogenesis for endometriosis?
* Retrograde menstruation * Metaplasia of pelvic peritoneum
26
What can be seen histopathologically in endometriosis?
Powder burns and chocolate cysts (endometriomas)
27
Protective factors for Ovarian ca
* OCP * Pregnancy
28
Risk factors for Ovarian ca
* Genetic predisposition (most sign) * Nulliparity * Early menarche & late menopause * Infertility
29
3 types of ovarian tumours by histology
* Epithelial * Germ cell tumours * Sex cord tumours * Most common in post-menopausal women
30
Serous cystadenoma histopathology
Ciliated cells
31
\*What type of tumour is this?
Mature teratoma
32
Mucinous cystadenoma histopathology
Mucous secreting cells
33
Brenner tumour histopathology
Coffee bean nuclei
34
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma histopathology
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
35
Serous cystadenocarcinoma histopathology
Psammoma bodies
36
Teratoma histopathology
Ectopic tissue types
37
Dysgerminoma histopathology
hCG and LDH | (And Turners syndrome)
38
Yolk sac histopathology
AFP
39
Choriocarcinoma histopathology
hCG
40
Fibroma histopathology
Associated with Meigs' syndrome (ascites, pleural effusion)
41
What are signet ring cells associated with?
Krukenburg tumour
42
Most common location for Krukenberg tumour
Gastric adenocarcinoma at pylorus | (Krukenberg is 2ndry tumour)
43
\*Most common ovarian ca
Serous adenocarcinoma
44
Most common ova ca
Serous cystadenoma