Histopath - Gynae Flashcards
Which HPV strains are most associated with cervical cancer?
HPV 16 and 18
What are the 2 types of HPV vaccines?
- Cervarix: bivalent (16+18)
- Gardasil: quadrivalent (6, 11, 16, 18)
CIN and cervical Ca RFs
- Many sexual partners/sexually active early
- Smoking
- Immunosuprression
Most common direction of PID
Ascending infection
Most common cause PID in the UK
Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea
Most common cause PID in the world
TB and schistosomiasis
PID Complications
- Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome (adhesions)
- Peritonitis
- Infertility
- Intestinal obstructions
What is CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - dysplasia in the cervical epithelium, but membrane intact (pre-malignant, pre-invasive)
What type of cells does CIN usually occur in?
Squamous epithelium
What is CGIN?
Cervical GLANDULAR intrapithelial neoplasia
What type of cells does CGIN usually affect?
Columnar-glandular epithelium
What does CIN develop to (malignancy)?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What does CGIN develop to (malignancy)?
Adenocarcinoma
When does CIN/CGIN become malignant?
When there is invasion through the basement membrane
Which type of endometrial ca is more common?
Type 1 (85%), Type 2 (15%)
What kind of patients get type 1 endometrial cancer verus type 2?
Type 1: Younger patients
Type 2: older patients
Endometrial ca oestrogen-dependence type 1 v 2
Type 1: oestrogen-dependent
Type 2: less oestrogen-dependent
What is type 1 Endometrial Ca associated with?
Atypical endometrial hyperplasia
What is type 2 endometrial ca associated with?
Atrophic endometrium
FIGO staging 1 -4
1: Confined to uterus
2: Spread to cervix
3: Spread to anexae, vagina, local LN
4: Other pelvic organs, distant spread
What is gestational trophoblastic disease?
a spectrum of tumours and tumour-like conditions characterised by proliferation of pregnancy-associated trophoblastic tissue
What are the 3 subtypes of GTD?
- Hydatiform Moles (Complete/ Incomlpete)
- Invasive Moles
- Choriocarcinoma
GTD: complete/partial presentation
Very high HCG
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant trophoblastic cancer (usually of placenta) - rapidly invasive but responds well to chemo
