High Yield Flashcards
How does sympathetic firing effect currents in the SA and AV node?
It would increase ICaL, If and IK
What does sympathetic firing do to atrial and ventricle currents?
Increases ICaL and increases IK
No change in INa
What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the SA node?
More positive MDP, increase phase 4 depolarization, decrease action potential duration
What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the AV node?
Increase conduction velocity and increase P0 depolarization
What is the overall effect of sympathetic stimulation to the atrial and ventricular myocytes?
More positive phase 2 and duration of the AP will decrease
What is the effect on currents from parasympathetic stimulation to the SA and AV node?
Decrease : ICaL, If, IK
Increase: IKAch
What will be the overall effect of parasympathetic stimulation to the SA node?
Decrease HR, more neg MDP, slower phase 4, increased AP duration
In a person with chronic hypertension, how would their response differ for a normal person when going from supine to sitting?
The individual with chronic hypertension would experience a greater drop in arterial pressure due to baroreceptor desensitivity.
What is the Fick Equation?
CO = (O2 Consumption)/(O2 Artery - O2 Veins)
How does a beta 1 receptor alter current in the SA and AV node, as well as Atrial and ventricular myocytes?
SA + AV = Increased If and ICaL
Atrial and Vent Myo - Increased ICaL and Ik
What is the equation for net filtration?
(Pc - Pi) - (Oncotic pressure P - Oncotic pressure I)
Membrane potential formula?
V = (fgK x Ek) + (fgNa x ENa)
TPR formula?
TPR = (MAP - RAP)/CO
Ejection fraction formula?
Ejection fraction = SV/EDV
What is the biggest determinant of O2 consumption?
Increasing or decreasing inotropic state
How will hyper/hypokalemia effect MDP?
Hyper - More negative
Hypo - Less negative
How does the QRS complex change in hyper/hypokalemia?
It widens
What is the effect of resting depolarization of the membrane on Na Channels?
Decreases the number of available resting Na channels
What are some things that can lead to a flat T wave?
Hypokalemia, decreased Ik current, Beta antagonist or decreased sympathetic firing
What are some causes of wide splitting of S2?
Pulmonary stenosis or Right bundle branch block
What are some causes of paradoxical splitting of S2?
Aortic stenosis and LBB
What determines the rate of venous return?
Tone, Volume, and gravity
How can you increase afterload?
Vasoconstrictor or hypertension
How can you decrease afterload?
Vasodilator or shock
How will aortic stenosis affect afterload?
Increase it
What is the effect of cardiac glycoside?
Increasing inotropic state
What is factor II?
Thrombin
What is the role of factor XIII?
Crosslinking fibrin
What is the role of factor VIII?
Increase effect of factor 9 on factor 10
What is the effect of factor 5?
increase effect of factor 10 on 2
What activates factor XIII?
Thrombin
Tissue factor activates what?
The extrinsic pathway
Rate of runoff is determined by?
How fast blood flows from arterial to venous
How can rate of runoff be change?
Increasing TPR will decrease rate of runoff
decreasing TPR will increase rate of runoff
How changing rate of runoff change aortic diastolic pressure?
decreasing rate of runoff will increase ADP
increasing rate of runoff will decrease ADP
How will changing runoff time affect ADP?
Runoff time is effected by HR
Decreasing HR will increase runoff time and decrease ADP
Increasing HR will decrease runoff time and increase ADP
Apo E absence will result in?
Increased VLDL (Ligand for LDL)
Apo B48 absence will result in?
Increased levels of chylomicron
Apo C-II absence will result in?
Increased VLDL and trig (lipoprotein lipase)
Apo A 1 absence will result in?
Decrease HDL
Defective ABCA1 will result in?
Tangier’s disease - low cholesterol and almost nonexistant HDL
Absence in apoB-100 would result in?
Elevated LDL and normal trig due to defects in affinity for LDL receptor
Septic Shock is?
When a person has sepsis and has sustained hypotension despite fluid resuscitation
How does renovascular hypertension affect CO?
INcreases both MAP and TPR
Where does atherosclerosis begin?
In the intima
What are the main drugs for HF?
Bisprolol, metoprolol succinate, and carvedilol
What drugs are not to be used during pregnancy?
Renin inh - Aliskren
Ace inhibitors - drugs ending in pril
Angiotensin receptor blockers - sartan
What are two early critical features of atherosclerosis?
Proliferation of smooth muscle and accumulation of lipid
When would you not prescribe beta blockers?
TO A PERSON WITH ASTHMA
What is the best indication of shock?
SvO2 low - indicated poor tissue perfusion
What is the main complication of rheumatic fever?
Mitral stenosis
