Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology > 1.1.2 Cell Biology and Histology of the Vascular System > Flashcards

1.1.2 Cell Biology and Histology of the Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major vessels in the order in which they occur starting from the left ventricle.

A

Large (elastic) artery, medium (muscular) artery, small (ateriole) artery, capillary, venule, medium/large veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous: (pericytes [modified smooth muscle cells] can occur b/t endothelium and basement membrance)

Fenestrated: pores or fenestrae in endothelium

Discontinuous: gaps b/t endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 major layers of the walls of arteries?

A
  1. Tunica intima (innermost)
  2. Tunica media (middle)
  3. Tunica externa or adventitia (outermost)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many tunics do veins have?

A

three tunics

Distinction b/t t. media and t. adventitia often unclear and a distinct internal elastic lamina is usually absent. T. media is thinner than that found in arteries of same diameter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What protein aids in the transcytosis across a continuous capillary?

A

Caveloin; caveolae and vesicles transport substances through the cytoplasm in a bidirectional pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A

When you spend too much time making/studying flashcards and lose all of your gains….

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the tunica media.

A

Concentric layers of smooth muscle, collagen fibers, discontinuous plates of elastic sheaths (external elastic lamina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is required for both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis?

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), VEGF receptors, and angiopoietins (Ang 1 and 2) and its receptor (Tie2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

LDL levels, diabetes, HTN, age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Loss of pericytes will have what effect on the BBB?

A

Increases permeability of BBB in CNS. Pericytes are involved w/ tight junction formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oxidative stress leads to dysfunction of what type of cells and reduced bioavailability of what molecule?

A

Endothelial cells and reduced NO bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is another term from large (elastic) arteries?

A

Conducting arteries, b/c they conduct blood from heart to the medium-sized ateries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of capillary is each of these? What are the arrows pointing at?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is another term for arterioles?

A

Resistance vessels, regulate the distribution of blood to different capillary beds by vasoconstriction and vasodilation (vascular tone)

20
Q

What happens to the walls of large (elastic) arteries during systole? diastole?

A

systole: walls distend
diastole: recoil

21
Q

Where are each of the types of capillaries found?

A

Continuous: muscle, brain, thymus, lung

Fenestrated: sites of fluid transport (intestine and kidney)

Discontinuous “sinusoidal”: liver, spleen, BM

22
Q

What are some of the things found in lymphatic system?

A

Leukocytes, albumin, other proteins, and tissue fluid

23
Q

What are the steps in the formation of an atheroma?

A
  1. Damage of endothelium of an artery, LDL infiltrate
  2. Lipids taken up by macrophages in the tunica intima and fibroblasts of the subendothelial space proliferate
  3. Macrophages release lipids in the subendothelial space and macrophage-derived cytokines stimulate the production of collagen by proliferating smooth muscle cells
  4. Ulceration of the atheroma provides a surface for thrombosis. This condition has catastrophic consequences in coronary atherosclerosis b/c it causes luminal obstruction, leading to infarction and sudden cardiac death
24
Q

What is upregulated by cells in response to hypoxia?

A

HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor)

25
Q

Descibe the cytoplasm and basement membrane of the three types of capillary.

A

Continuous: both basement membrane and endothelial cells are continuous

Fenestrated: continous basement membrane. The endothelial cell has fenestrae w/ or w/o diaphragm.

Discontinuous: basement membrane and endothelial cell discontinuous

26
Q
A
27
Q

What type of capillary is this? What do the letters represent?

A

Continuous

E: endothelial cells

BM: Basement membrane

P: nucleus of pericyte

F: fibroblast

M: tight junction

28
Q

What are some of the factors that lead to oxidative stress?

A

Diabetes, smoking, HTN, dyslipidemia, obesity, and aging

29
Q

What is the difference b/t vasculogenesis and angiogenesis?

A

Vasculogenesis: new vascular network

Angiogenesis: sprouting from an existing network

30
Q

What stain is this? It allows observer to see wavy and fenestrated elastic lamellae span through the tunica media.

A

Verhoeff’s Stain

31
Q

Describe the tunica intima.

A

Lining of endothelial cells, subendothelial basement membrane and loose connective tissue, dense layer of elastic fibers (internal elastic lamina)

32
Q

Describe the blood pressure as it passes from the aorta through the vena cava. Also describe the lumen diameter and wall thickness of the aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, and vena cava.

A
33
Q

What are present in veins to prevent reflux of blood?

A

Valves

34
Q

What type of capillary?

A

Fenestrated w/ diaphragm in lower left. Fenestrated w/o diaphragm on right.

35
Q

What are some of the genes/proteins upregulated by HIF-1?

A

EPO, VEGF, EPO/IGF2, GLUT/glycolytic enzymes

36
Q
A
37
Q
A
38
Q

How does the postcapillary venule differ from the capillary?

A

Resembles continuous capillary but with wider lumen

39
Q
A

Another term for the small blood vessels is vaso vasorum

40
Q

What is the name for the transport vesicle used in transcytosis?

A

Caveolae

41
Q

What is another term for medium-sized, muscular arteries?

A

Distributing ateries, allowing selective distribution of blood to different organs in response to functional needs

42
Q

What is the diameter of a capilliary? Describe how RBCs must pass through capillary.

A

~ 5-10 um, permitting the passage of ~one RBC at a time

43
Q

Describe the conduction of blood in the arteries.

A

From the heart to capillaries.

44
Q

Describe the tunica externa (adventitia).

A

Connective tissue (large vesssels have vasa vasorum, neural tissue [nervi vasorum])

45
Q
A
46
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Deposition of fatty material in the wall of the vessel to form a lesion called an atheroma, usually involves large (elastic) arteries

47
Q

How many concentric layers of vascular smooth muscle surround arterioles?

A

2-5

Cardiology (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions