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603 Physiology > Hepatic 3 > Flashcards

Hepatic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Does the liver have a lot of mitochondria?

A

YES, very metabolically active

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2
Q

What % of systemic blood flow goes to the liver?

A

28%

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3
Q

What % of oxygen used in the body goes to the liver?

A

~20%

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4
Q

3 Roles of the Liver in Metabolism

A
  1. Synthesis and degradation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  2. Sorting molecules for metabolism, energy, or distribution
  3. Export glucose and ketone bodies to provide energy to other tissues
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5
Q

Two Locations of Glucose Synthesis

A
  1. Liver (80%)
  2. Kidneys (20%)
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6
Q

2 Major Pathways for Liver to produce Glucose between meals (low insulin)

A
  1. Gluconeogenesis
  2. Glycogenolysis
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7
Q

Glycogen accounts for ____% of liver weight

A

7-10%

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8
Q

Where else besides the liver can the body store glycogen?

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Histological appearance of Heaptcytes with Glycogen Storage Disease

A

lacy, pale cytoplasm, swollen and obscuring any sinusoids

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10
Q

What type of drug administration in dogs can promote glycogen storage in hepatocytes?

A

steroid (steroid hepatopathy)

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11
Q

During the urea cycle in the liver, what % of ammonia is detoxified?

A

95%

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12
Q

Where besides the liver detoxifies ammonia?

A

kidneys

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13
Q

hepatic encephalopathy

A

caused by buildup of ammonia

seen in horses after eating toxic grasses and then the liver can’t fiilter and ammonia goes to the brain

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14
Q

Major plasmaprotein made by the liver that’s important for transport?

A

albumin

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15
Q

C-reactive protein

A

released during acute inflammation of the liver

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16
Q

Most specific marker for heaptic injury?

A

Alanine Transaminase (ALT)

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17
Q

What is the only clotting factor not synthesized in hepatocytes?

A

clotting factor VIII (8)

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18
Q

Inhibitors of Coagulation

A

antitrypsin, antithrombin, a2 macroglobulin, protein S, protein C

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19
Q

Fribrogen synthesis occurs where?

A

in the liver

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20
Q

plasminogen

A

involved in fibrinolysis to breakdown the fibrin in the blood clot

21
Q

transamination

A

converts amino acids (alanine) to pyruvate, and eventually glucose via gluconeogenesis

22
Q

Why is ALT the best marker for hepatic injury?

A

alanine can be used as a substrate to produce lucose ONLY IN THE LIVER

23
Q

Metabolism of protein in the liver occurs via what main process?

A

transamination

24
Q

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

A

enzyme found in liver, heart, muscle, kidney, and brain

25
Q

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

A

many isoforms (ex: bALP for bone), can increase due to stress

26
Q

Liver specific enzymes in horses, ruminants, and swine?

A

sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT)

27
Q

Fat is stored in the liver as either ______ or ________

A

triglycerides or cholesterol

28
Q

3 Sources of Cholesterol for the Liver

A
  1. Diet
  2. De novo synthesis (not solely in the liver)
  3. LDL via endogenous pathways
29
Q

What happens to most lipids in mammals?

A

secreted as bile

30
Q

4 Fates of Cholesterol in the Body

A
  1. Secretion as bile
  2. Sloughing of skin and intestinal epithelium
  3. Hormone synthesis
  4. Exported into blood as VLDLs from liver
31
Q

Trglyceride

A

a fatty acid and glycerol

32
Q

Fatty acids oxidized in the liver eventually become _______

A

acetyl CoA

33
Q

What happens to excess acetyl-CoA in the liver?

A

condensed to acetoacetate, eventually yields ketone bodies, which can be exported and used as fuel by the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle

34
Q

Can the liver use ketone bodies?

A

no, only export them

35
Q

Hepatic Lipidosis

A

condition caused by anorexic events in cats; fat accumulates in hepatocytes and liver becomes pale and firm; visible histologically

36
Q

Does liver normaly float or sink in formalin?

A

sink

37
Q

Oil Red O

A

stains lipids

38
Q

What is stored in stellate (Ito) cells?

A

fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E)

39
Q

What is stored in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells?

A

iron and copper

40
Q

Where is the majority of body iron stored?

A

hemoglobin of the RBCs (50-70%)

41
Q

What other body organs store iron?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

42
Q

Ferroportin

A

iron transporter within enterocytes (basolateral aspect), for exporting iron

43
Q

Transferrin

A

transports Fe3+ in the blood

44
Q

2 Forms of Fe2+ Storage

A
  1. Ferritin (water soluble, mobile; in RBCs, enterocytes, hepatocytes)
  2. Hemosiderin (brownish, main storage in macrophages of liver, spleen, and marrow)
45
Q

Hepcidin

A

peptide hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron [negatively]; prevents iron absorption or release from storage

46
Q

How does hepcidin work?

A

binds to ferroportin (the transporter of iron) and internalizes said transporter, so iron cannot be released

47
Q

Hypoxia effect on hepcidin?

A

decreases hepcidin, therefore inc. iron absorption/mobilization

48
Q

Inflammation effect on hepcidin?

A

increases hepcidin via IL-6 stimulation, therefore dec. iron absorption/mobilization (aka anemia)

49
Q

How does inflammation lead to anemia?

A

Inflammation increases hepcidin, ferroportin transporter internalized, iron not being released into blood so heme synthesis diminished, can’t make RBCs = anemia

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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