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603 Physiology > GI 5 > Flashcards

GI 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Functions of Small Intestine Contractions

A
  1. Mixing food with digestive secretions
  2. Circulation of foodstuffs
  3. Net propulsion
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2
Q

Patterns of Small Intestinal Motility

A
  1. Segmentation
  2. Peristalsis
  3. Migrating Motor Complex
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3
Q

Is segmentation propulsive?

A

no

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4
Q

segmentation goal

A

slow down movement of ingesta and retain food in one region to facilitate repeated contact with intestinal mucosa, mix food and secretions/enzymes

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5
Q

Is peristalsis propulsive?

A

yes

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6
Q

Peristalsis

A

circular constrictions to move contents aborally; contraction occurs with aboral relaxation

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7
Q

Migrating Motor Complex

A

during interdigestive phase with intesnse contractions thru stomach and small intestine to push out undigested material

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8
Q

What hormone facilitates the migrating motor complex?

A

motilin

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9
Q

What pattern of small intestinal motility is responsible for maintaining the regional distribution of gut bacteria?

A

migrating motor complex (MMC)

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10
Q

What part of the GI has the most microbes?

A

colon

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11
Q

What part of the GI has the fewest microbes?

A

stomach

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12
Q

What determines contractile parameters in the small intestine?

A

slow waves

(frequency, velocity, direction)

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13
Q

Main NT regulator of the enteric nervous system and SI motility?

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

What drug can be given to block aceylcholine, thereby slowing the motility of the SI?

A

atropine

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15
Q

cephalic phase

A

anticipation of food, before the food enters the stomach

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16
Q

How does the duration of fed motility pattern depend on caloric content?

A

more calories (and more fat) need more time, inc. segmental contractions, decreases speed of motility

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17
Q

Ileal brake

A

[distal to proximal] feedback mechanism that controls meal transit in the GI to optimize nutrient digestion and absorption

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18
Q

4 Factors of the Ileal Brake

A
  1. Delays gastric emptying
  2. Delays intestinal transit
  3. Inhibits secretions (gastric/pancreatic/biliary)
  4. Increases satiety
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19
Q

How does the ileal brake delay gastric emptying?

A

decreases frequency of peristalsis in pylorus and duodenum, increases pyloric sphincter pressure

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20
Q

How does the ileal brake delay intestinal transit?

A

decrease frrequency, number, and distance of peristalsis and propogation

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21
Q

Ileocecocolic junction

A

space where the small intestine (ileum) enters the large intestine (colon) at the location of the cecum

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22
Q

Ileocolic orifice

A

one-way valve between ileum and colon to limit reflux and maintain relative sterility of small intestine

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23
Q

4 Functions of Large Intestine Contractions

A
  1. Absorb water and electrolytes
  2. Fermentation of organic matter (species dependent)
  3. Net aboral movement
  4. Storage and evacuation of feces
24
Q

Is movement in the colon fast or slow?

A

slow (to intensively mix ingesta)

25
Q

Haustra

A

small pouches created by the sacculations of the colon (the segments) (not well-defined)

26
Q

Tenia

A

outer longitudinal smooth muscle along the colon

27
Q

Do guinea pig have tenia?

A

yeah!

28
Q

What nerves control the external anal sphincter?

A

somatic nerves (voluntary control)

29
Q

What nerves innervate the proximal colon?

A

vagus nerve

30
Q

What nerves innervate the distal colon?

A

pelvic nerve

31
Q

3 Patterns of Colonic Motility

A
  1. Segmentation
  2. Peristatic and Antiperistaltic Waves
  3. Mass Movements
32
Q

Peristalsis in the Colon

A

shallow circular contractions, low propulsion, some backflow across opening of constriction to allow mixing

33
Q

Pacemaker of the Colon?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)

34
Q

Mass Movement

A

occurs infrequently and usually after a meal at a high amplitude to help move a large amount of feces over significant distance into rectum

35
Q

Characteristic motor pattern of cecum nd colon?

A

peristaltic and antiperistaltic contractions

36
Q

Majority of contractions in the colon are what kind?

A

Segemental (90%)

37
Q

Segmental contractions in the Colon

A

Long lasting circular constrictions that occur simultaneously at adjacent sites and it slowly moves the content aborally

38
Q

Segmental Contractions in the Small Intestine

A

short (a few seconds) contractions at various intestinal sites

39
Q

Do you lose segmental activity during mass movements?

A

yes

40
Q

Do you lose haustrations during mass movements?

A

yes

41
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

stomach gives signal to the colon to clear out the large intestine to make room for another meal

42
Q

How frequently do mass movements (giant migrating contractions) occur after a meal and for how long?

A

Every 15 minutes for 1 hour

43
Q

Are mass movements the same as migrating motor complex?

A

NO

44
Q

Is this a kangaroo?

A

obviously

45
Q

Is defecation voluntary or involuntary?

A

both (dependent on the sphincter - internal is involuntary, external is voluntary)

46
Q

Muscle Type of Internal Anal Sphincter

A

smooth muscle

47
Q

External Anal Sphincter innervation?

A

pudendal nerve

48
Q

Muscle Type of External Anal Sphincter

A

Striated muscle

49
Q

Which anal sphincter is most responsible for tonic contractions/anal tone?

A

internal anal sphincter

50
Q

Retrosphincteric Reflex

A

signal from rectum to sphincter when stretch receptors are activated - causes peristalsis of rectum and relaxation of internal anal sphincter, signal to CNS to contract external anal sphincter and feel the urge to defecate

51
Q

Fecal Continence

A

choose to suppress defecation, rectum and external anal sphincter relax, internal anal sphincter regains tone

52
Q

Causes of Fecal Incontinence

A

muscle damage to external anal sphincter,
nerve damage to the nerves that sense stool in rectum or the ones that control the sphincter

53
Q

Megacolon [in Cats]

A

constipation/obstipation due to a generalized dysfunction of smooth muscle in the colon (most commonly seen in middle aged cats)

54
Q

Obstipation

A

prolonged retention of feces causes inability to pass stool or gas

55
Q

What are the two distal to proximal feedback reflexes in the intestine?

A
  1. Enterogastric reflex
  2. Ileal brake

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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