Cardio 5 & 6 (Arrhythmias)

Question 1

parasympathetic

Answer 1

calm down

Question 2

sympathetic

Answer 2

pumped up

Question 3

What could cause an arrhythmia?

Answer 3

problem with pacemaker, problem with conduction, irritation (like inflammation)

Question 4

4 Types of Cardiac Rhythms

Answer 4

1. Normal sinus impulse formation
2. Abnormal impulse formation
3. Abnormal impulse conduction
4. Escape rhythms

Question 5

Can cattle have sinus arrhythmia?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

rS

Answer 6

typical in cattle/category B animals

Question 7

qR

Answer 7

typical in category A animals

Question 8

Hyperkalemia and T wave

Answer 8

big, symmetric, pointy T wave

Question 9

Wandering pacemaker

Answer 9

complex to complex changes in the height of the P wave (very fit, not a concern)

Question 10

Atrial (supraventricular) premature complex

Answer 10

P wave is generated early, could be negative, buried in T waves (a few different appearances), not terrible, could send you into Afib

Question 11

Atrial fibrillation in category B animals

Answer 11

no P wave and ventricular response rate is irregular

Question 12

Atrial fibrillation in Category A animals

Answer 12

no P waves. subtle, low amplitude, lots of variability

Question 13

Atrial flutter

Answer 13

sawtooth appearance, larger and more consistent amplitude of the ways

Question 14

Lone atrial fibrillation

Answer 14

can’t find anything else wrong except for the atrial fibrillation (no murmurs, normal rhythm, no imaging abnormalities)

Question 15

Ventricular Premature Complex

Answer 15

QRS complex is early, QRS-T in opposite direction

Question 16

Paroxysmal Ventricular Tachycardia

Answer 16

3 or more VPCs occuring so early that they appear in the vulnerable 2nd half of the T wave, can lead to ventricular fibrillation

Question 17

1st degree AV block

Answer 17

longer PR interval than normal (either took a longer way to travel or something is slowing down the conductivity)

Question 18

2nd degree AV block (Mobitz Type 1)

Answer 18

progressive lengthening of the PR interval

good, strong sympathetic control of heart rate

Question 19

2nd degree AV block (Mobitz Type 2)

Answer 19

fixed PR interval but there is damage to the AV node

Question 20

ST depression

Answer 20

associated with endurance more than damage

Question 21

PreExcitation Syndromes

Answer 21

different types of bypass tracts but really quite uncommon in animals (very rare in dogs), has a VERY short PR interval, can go in the reverse direction

Question 22

Left Bundle branch block

Answer 22

blocking conduction to the left ventricle
QRS duration longer than normal

Question 23

Right Bundle branch block

Answer 23

blocking some of the conduction to the right ventricle
predominantly negative QRS complex

Question 24

Incomplete Right Bundle branch block

Answer 24

the interventricular septum is thicker so the wave goes in the opposite direction

Question 25

Hyperkalemia

Answer 25

Long QRS, P wave increases with slight elevation and completely disappears with big elevation, big T wave
increases symmetry

Question 26

Should you anestheize a dog without a P wave?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Hyperkalemia causes abnormal impulse conduction due to ___________

Answer 27

problem with electrolyte concentration

Question 28

Antiarrythmic drugs

Answer 28

typically go for Phase 0 or Phase 2
ex: lidocaine and calcium channel blockers, beta adrenergic antagonists