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603 Physiology > Cardio 4 > Flashcards

Cardio 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

instrument that measures electrical potentials on the body surface and generates a record of the electrical currents of the heart

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2
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

the graph of changing voltage/electrical actvity over time (y vs. x)

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3
Q

Uses for ECG

A

Detects:
arrythmias
plasma electrolyte concentrations
influence of certain drugs
anatomical orientation of the heart (A)
size of chambers (A)
injury to heart muscle (A)

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4
Q

When was the first ECG?

A

1887

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5
Q

Einthoven Standards

A

Y axis: 1 cm = 1mV
X axis: 25mm/sec

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6
Q

How many seconds is each box on an ECG when un with Einthoven standards?

A

40 milliseconds

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7
Q

Dipole Theory

A

individual dipoles at specific points in time and summing them all up as a vector (with direction and magnitude)

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8
Q
A

VECTOR

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9
Q

How many leads does the Einthoven standard ECG use?

A

12

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10
Q

What wave of an ECG is used to quickly identify a human having a heart attack? Do we have the same concern in animals?

A

T wave

Not as oncerned in animals because it does weird things for no reason (really)

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11
Q

What phase of electrical activity is not picked up on an ECG?

A

Atrial repolarization (Ta wave)

it is very broad with a very low amplitude

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12
Q

Which lead do we primarily look at in an ECG?

A

Lead II (2)

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13
Q

What does ‘a’ mean in an ECG lead?

A

augmented (multiplier factor)

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14
Q

Who developed the standard ECG?

A

Einthoven

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15
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization, SA node to AV node

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16
Q

What can the QRS interval be an indicator of?

A

size of the heart

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17
Q

When do you use little letters in an ECG?

A

denotes magnitude of the peak/trough

18
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization (R)

(Q is early, S is late)

19
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

20
Q

ST segment

A

typically isoelectric

21
Q

Which wave of the ECG frquentl changes in domestic animals but can be problematic in humans?

A

T wave

22
Q

When is the PR interval prolonged?

A

atrial enlargement or AV conduction problem

23
Q

How do we correct the QT interval to be heart rate independent?

A

one of the gazillion different formulas

24
Q

What was the first QT interval formula developed?

A

Bazett’s

25
Q

Isoelectric in Dipole Theory

A

vector perpendicular to electrodes

26
Q

Maximum Deflection in Dipole Theory

A

vector parallel to the electrode

27
Q

How many ECG leads do they use in humans?

A

12 (6 in frontal plane, 6 in transverse plane)

28
Q

Meaning of ST segment elevation in animals?

A

big ventricle

29
Q

Category A animals

A

Purkinje fibers on endocardial surface

30
Q

Category B animals

A

Purkinje fibers ramify throughout entire myocardium

31
Q

Why are category B animal ECGs different?

A

can’t really look at chamber enlargement, needs different lead system

32
Q

Base-apex Lead System

A

used in category B animals
- = right jugular vein
+ = left thorax over apex beat

33
Q

What looks different on a base-apex ECG?

A

The QRS interval is inverted

34
Q

best position to take an ECG

A

right lateral recumbency with 90 degree forelimbs

35
Q

ECG filters

A

put on the ECG at a certain range (0.5 - 150 Hz) to avoid artifacts

36
Q

What is a lead II ECG quality score of 3?

A

the highest score which is real bad (0 is the best score, no noise)

37
Q

How long should the shortest ECG be?

A

10 seconds

38
Q

What 3-4 things should you examine in an ECG?

A
  1. Heart rate (atrial and ventricular)
  2. Heart rhythm
  3. P-QRS-T complexes and intervals
  4. Mean electrical axis (Category A)
39
Q
A

1 = PR interval
2 = PR segment
3 = QRS interval
4 = ST segment
5 = QT interval

40
Q

Mean Electrical Axis (MEA)

A

Largest net QRS amplitude = MEA is parallel with this lead
Isoelectric (smallest net QRS voltage) = MEA is perpendicular to this lead

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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