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603 Physiology > GI 7 > Flashcards

GI 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the majority of pancreatic tissue - exocrine or endocrine?

A

exocrine (90%)

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2
Q

2 Major Components of Pancreatic Secretion

A
  1. Aqueous component
  2. Enzymatic portion
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3
Q

3 Functions of Aqueous Component of Pancreatic Secretion

A

high volume, high bicarbonate
1. flush pancreatic enzymes
2. prevent mucosal damag by acid and pepsin
3. bring pH up into neutral range

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4
Q

Function of the Enzymatic Component of Pancreatic Secretion?

A

digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

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5
Q

zymogens

A

inactive form of enzymes in pancreas

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6
Q

What proenzyme (zymogen) is most abundant?

A

trypsinogen (40%)

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7
Q

What enzymes are secreted in active form?

A

amylase and some lipases

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8
Q

What component of pancreatic secretion comes from acinar cells?

A

enzymatic component

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9
Q

What component of pancreatic secretion comes from centroacinar and ductal cells?

A

aqueous component (incl. sodium, bicarbonate, and water)

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9
Q

CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator to allow outflow of Cl- ions into the lumen of the pancreatic duct

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10
Q

2 Secondary Active Transporters in Pancreatic Ductal Cell

A
  1. Bicarbonate into lumen
  2. H+ into blood
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10
Q

Is pancreatic venous blood acidic or alkaline?

A

acidic

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11
Q

Which one is HCl secretion vs. Pancreatic?

A

Left = pancreatic secretion from ductal cell
Right = HCl secretion from gastric parietal cell

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12
Q

Broad Generalism of Pancreatic Duct vs. Parietal Cells

A

Ion transport activities of pancreatic duct cells and similar, but directionally opposite, to those of the parietal cells.

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13
Q

Major Factor in how much fluid and bicarbonate is secreted?

A

amount of acid in the duodenum

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14
Q

Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is determined by what?

A

presence of digestive products from fat and protein in the duodenum

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15
Q

What phase accounts for the most pancreatic secretion - cephalic, gastric, or intestinal?

A

intestinal (70-80%)

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16
Q

Pancreatic Secretion: Cephalic Phase

A

stimulates enzymatic secretion; the gastric acid released from G cells signals the CNS then the vagus nerve will release ACh to act on acinar and/or duct cells (enzymes, water, bicarbonate release)

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17
Q

Mediator of Pancreatic Secretion in the Cephalic Phase

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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18
Q

Pancreatic Secretion: Gastric Phase

A

distension of stomach, mediated by vagovagal reflexes

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19
Q

S cells release ________

A

secretin (hormone)

20
Q

I cells release ________

A

CCK

21
Q

Gastric Acid and Fatty Acids trigger what in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

S cells release secretin, secretin acts on duct cell to release aqueous portion (bicarbonate)

22
Q

Fat and Protein trigger what in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

I cells release CCK, which either acts on neurons (stimulate ACh to act on cells) or hormonal (directly on acinar cells)

23
Q

Primary hormonal stimulus for acinar cells?

A

CCK

24
Q

Primary hormonal stimulus for centroacinar and duct cells?

A

secretin

25
Q

Two Disorders caused by Pancreatic Secretion

A
  1. Cystic Fibrosis
  2. Pancreatitis
26
Q

What is often one of the first signs of pancreatic dysfunction?

A

fat in the stool (enzymes responsible for fat digestion aren’t activated)

27
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

failure of Cl- to leave the ductal cell, inhibits secretion of bicarbonate and water, pancreatic enzymes retained in the pancreas causing autodigestion, maldigestion and malabsorption d/t absence of enzymes in the intestine

28
Q

autodigestion

A

consequence of proenzymes/zymogens being activated before leaving the organ (usually after sitting for a long time), which begins to digest its own cells

29
Q

Pancreatitis

A

inflammation in the pancreas d/t autodigestion by pancreatic enzyme

30
Q

How is the pancreas protected from autodigestion under normal conditions?

A

zymogen, trypsin inhibitors

31
Q

Possible Causes of Pancreatitis

A

obstruction (gallstone, tumor), intracellular trpsin activation

32
Q

6 Constituents of Bile

A
  1. Bile salts and phospholipids
  2. Bile pigments
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Water
  5. Inorganic Salts
  6. Mucus
33
Q

Where do bile pigments come from?

A

breakdown of hemoglobin and cytochromes to give bile color

34
Q

Which constituent makes up the majority of bile?

A

water

35
Q

3 Components of the Biliary System

A
  1. Liver
  2. Bile Ducts
  3. Gallbladder
36
Q

Is the liver an acinar gland?

A

yes

37
Q

Amphipathic

A

both polar and nonpolar molecules; important in fat absorption and digestion and antibacterial activity [in the case of bile salts]

38
Q

What % of bile salts are reabsorbed into intestinal capillaries from the ileum?

A

95%

39
Q

What % of bile salts are lost in feces?

A

5%

40
Q

How is bile secreted?

A

CCK and secretin released under stimulation from food in duodenum (from S and I cells), CCK contracts gallbladder, secretin enhances rich bicarbonate flow

41
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

at the end of the bile duct

42
Q

Is bile salt recycling a positive or negative feedback loop?

A

Postitive, via enterohepatic circulation - hepatocytes triggered to release more bile salts, keeps small intestine at more neutral pH

43
Q

What is the main component of gallstones?

A

cholesterol

44
Q

Effect of CCK on gallbladder

A

contracts gallbladder

45
Q

Effect of CCK on pancreas

A

binds to acinar cells - release aqueous portion

46
Q

Effect of CCK on stomach

A

inhibits gastric emptying

47
Q

Effect of CCK on sphincter of Oddi

A

relaxes the sphincter

48
Q

3 Functions of Secretin

A
  1. Stmulates bicarbonate release
  2. Inhibit gastric acid release
  3. Inhibit gastrin release
49
Q

What is known as “nature’s antacid?”

A

secretin

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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