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603 Physiology > Equine GI (Foreman) > Flashcards

Equine GI (Foreman) Flashcards

1
Q

colic

A

symptomatic of gastrointestinal pain

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2
Q

Horse prehensile organ?

A

lips

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3
Q

Pallidal Encephalomalacia

A

disease in the brain that causes a horse to be unable to use its lips and they starve

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4
Q

hypsodont

A

tooth with open roots that continue to grow throughout an animal’s life

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5
Q

What tooth in the horse erupts as adult?

A

molars

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6
Q

Do horses have a natural over or under bite?

A

overbite

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7
Q

How do horse teeth wear?

A

side to side; sharp outer uppers (labial) and sharp inner lowers (mandibular)

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8
Q

quidding

A

dropping feedstuff from mouth while in the midst of chewing d/t dental disease and/or missing teeth

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9
Q

How much saliva can a horse produce in 24 hours?

A

4.8 - 6.4 liters

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10
Q

When is the only time a horse should be salivating?

A

during mastication/chewing

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11
Q

atropine

A

parasympatholytic that blocks saliva production

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12
Q

pilocarpine

A

parasympathomimetic that stimulates saliva production

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13
Q

Is saliva sympathetically or parasympathetically mediated?

A

parasympathetic

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14
Q

Is saliva acidic or alkaline? What are the main components?

A

More alkaline d/t high levels of potassium and bicarbonate

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15
Q

What is unique about a horse’s trachea and esophagus?

A

They criss-cross, with the esophagus going dorsally over the larynx

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16
Q

4 Examples of Upper Airway Obstruction in Horses

A
  1. Left laryngeal hemiplegia (LLH)
  2. Dorsally-displaced soft palate (DDSP)
  3. Epiglottic entrapment
  4. Dynamic pharyngeal collapse
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17
Q

Label the layers.

A
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18
Q

Problems with esophageal surgery for obstructions?

A

strictures and scarring are very common leading to additional problems later on

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19
Q

Are horses obligate nose breathers?

A

yes

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20
Q

From which side is it easier to intubate the horse?

A

Left - you can see the esophagus on this side

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21
Q

Esophagram

A

put radioactive material into esophagus through the nasogastric tube and take a radiograph to see where the blockage is and how significant

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22
Q

Diverticulum

A

side pouch

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23
Q

Margo plicatus

A

line between the non-glandular and gllanddular portion of the equine stomach

24
Q

Why can’t horses vomit?

A

very tight cardiac sphincter

25
Q

Can horses rupture their stomach?

A

Yes, and they do

26
Q

This is a histological section of the margo plicatus. Which is glandular and which is non-glandular?

A

yellow = non-glandular
orange = glandular

27
Q

Epithelium in the Non-Glandular Stomach

A

simple stratified squamous, no secretory cells, no absorption - functions to store food

28
Q

Epithelium in the Glandular Stomach

A

simple tall columnar, hydrophobic, high blood supply, lots of glands

29
Q

What buffers stomach acid?

A
  1. Saliva w/ bicarbonate
  2. Grass/hay (fiber)
  3. COX-1 derived prostaglandins
  4. Cell membranes (physical barrier)
30
Q

How do COX-1 derived PGs create a healthier gastric mucosa?

A

increases blood flow

31
Q

Do prostaglandins inhibit or stimulate acid production?

A

inhibit

32
Q

Bute and Banamine effects on PGs

A

inhibit prostaglandins, therefore increasing acid –> risk of ulcers

33
Q

When we drop below what pH do we have a higher risk of ulcers?

A

pH less than 4.0

34
Q

Do horses secrete stomach acid (HCl) all the time?

A

yes

35
Q

How can we damage the gastric lining?

A
  1. damage to barriers
  2. stress
  3. Envrionmental/Management factors
  4. abnormal gastric acidity
  5. NSAIDs
36
Q

Common Equine Anti-Ulcer Drugs

A
  1. H2 receptor agonists (ranitidine)
  2. Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole)
  3. Prostaglandin analogs
  4. Mucosal physical patch (sucralfate)
  5. Antacids
37
Q

Do horses have bile?

A

yes

38
Q

Do horses have a gallbladder?

A

no

39
Q

Where is bile secreted from in the horse?

A

liver

40
Q

Where does the duodenal bile duct opening sit in the horse?

A

the papilla sits dorsally (so gravity helps it spill out)

41
Q

Energy Sources for Horses (4)

A
  1. Hydrolyzable carbohydrates
  2. Non-hydrolyzable carbohydrates
  3. Fats and oils
  4. Protein
42
Q

Examples of hydrolyzable carbohydrates (CHOs)

A

simple sugars and polysaccharides

43
Q

Highest density of ICCs in horses is where (3)?

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Body of Cecum
  3. Pelvic Flexure
44
Q

In what layer are ICCs in the small intestine?

A

myenteric plexus

45
Q

In what layer are ICCs in the large intestine?

A

circular muscular layer

46
Q

What can cause decreased GI motility?

A

impactions, enteritis, thrombus, grass sickness, post-operative ileus, strangulations, worms

47
Q

Cranial Mesenteric Artery Thrombus

A

caused by Strongylus vulgaris (bloodworm) at attack the main blood supply to the large colon

48
Q

Intussuception

A

intestine telescopes upron itself and cuts off the blood supply

49
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

when something is put in the stomach, communicates with the colon to make space

50
Q

Where are the most common places for impactions?

A

sharp turns and changes in diameter (diaphragmatic flexure, pelvic felxure)

51
Q

Enterolith

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate surrounding a nivus

52
Q

Nivus

A

foreign material in the digetive tract

53
Q

Large Intestinal Volvulus (torsion)

A

horse has gas and rolls

54
Q

Dextomidine/Xylazine effect on spleen

A

increases splenic size and volume

55
Q

Phenylepinephrine/epinephrine effect on spleen

A

splenic contraction, therefore decrease in size and volume

56
Q

What can you palpate through a horse’s rectum? (6)

A
  1. Left kidney
  2. pelvic flexure
  3. aorta and bifurcation
  4. cecum (top of)
  5. small intestine
  6. spleen

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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