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603 Physiology > Bovine GI (Constable) > Flashcards

Bovine GI (Constable) Flashcards

1
Q

How many ruminants are currently on the planet?

A

~150

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2
Q

What makes a ruminant a ruminant?

A

they chew their cud

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3
Q

3 Feeding Types of Ruminants

A
  1. Grass and Roughage Eater
  2. Concentrate Selectors
  3. Intermediate opportunistic, mixed feeders
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4
Q

expedient prehension

A

prey species eat real fast then run and hide and chew their cud in safety to decrease the fiber length

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5
Q

What do browsers have that other ruminants might not?

A

philtrum

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6
Q

philtrum

A

groove on the nose that helps browsers be more selective

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7
Q

torus linguae

A

the swelling of the tongue that pushes food against the hard palate

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8
Q

two buffering components of the rumen

A

bicarbonate and phosphate

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9
Q

3 Fatty Acids used by ruminants for energy instead of glucose

A
  1. Acetate (2C)
  2. Propionate (3C)
  3. Butyrate (4C)
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10
Q

Primary function of ruminal papillae

A

absorb short chain VFAs to change length of papilla inc. blood flow, mitotic activity, and surface area for absortion

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11
Q

3 Major Reticuloruminal Motility Patterns

A
  1. Primary contractions
  2. Secondary contractions
  3. Rumination
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12
Q

Which contraction type does not involve reticular contractions?

A

secondary

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13
Q

Which contractions are for eructating?

A

secondary

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14
Q

Which contractions are for mixing?

A

primary

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15
Q

Stratification of Rumen Contents

A

Fluid
Fibrous Mat
Gas

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16
Q

ballottment and succussion

A

“punch” the cow and feel/listen for sloshing of rume contents

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17
Q

Primary Contractions

A

reticulum pumps twice, rumen pumps to move material down and then back up

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18
Q

Can you hear reticular contractions?

A

sometimes, at ccjxn 7 or 8

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19
Q

What nerve controls primary contractions?

A

vagus nerve

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20
Q

Do primary contractions occur during anesthesia?

A

no

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21
Q

Factors that decrease Primary Contractions

A

fever, endotoxemia, pain, depression, anorexia, undissociated VFAs (pH below 5)

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22
Q

Rumen Acidosis

A

too many soluble carbohydrates lead to a low pH in the rumen that the mucosa beginsto slough off

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23
Q

How often do primary contractions occur?

A

approximately every 55 seconds

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24
Q

How often do secondary contraction occur?

A

once every 2 minutes, but it is random

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25
Q

Primary contractions are stimulated by?

A

chewing, sight of food, and MILD distension

26
Q

Secondary contractions are stimulated by?

A

gaseous distension

27
Q

What nerve mediates secondary contractions?

A

vagus nerve

28
Q

What can affect CO2 levels in the blood in cattle?

A

secondary contractions/eructation

29
Q

Eructation releases what?

A

30-50L of methane and CO2

30
Q

What happens if a cow can’t eructate?

A

bloat

31
Q

What inhibit secondary contractions?

A

fluid/foam near the cardia, systemic illness, severe rumen distension

32
Q

Rumen Tympany

A

aka bloat, can be caused in pasture (too many soluble proteins in plants) or feedlot (mucopolysaccharides produced by rumen)

33
Q

What is a common oil that can break down foam/froth in the rumen?

A

mineral oil

34
Q

How long do cattle chew their cud?

A

8-10hrs/day

35
Q

How many reticular contractions are involved in primary contractions?

A

two

36
Q

How many reticular contractions are involved in cud chewing?

A

three

37
Q

Rumination is controlled by what nerve?

A

vagus nerve

38
Q

What happens if a cow stops chewing her cud?

A

she gon die

39
Q

Do cows ruminate more at rest or when active?

A

at rest (they get very little REM sleep)

40
Q

scratch factor

A

coarse ingesta in the cranial rumenoreticulum that stimulates rumination/cud chewing

41
Q

What inhibts rumination?

A

low contraction rate, excitement, high grain diet (low fiber)

42
Q

Where can ruminants get ulcers?

A

abomasum

43
Q

How often does the abomasum empty?

A

every 2 minutes

44
Q

Typical calf pH of stomach?

A

about 2.0, but varies (can go down to .05-.08)

45
Q

Effect of milk on gastric pH in calves?

A

milk is a buffer (inc. pH), feed 2-3L of milk twice a day so it fluctuates

46
Q

What induces the closing of the reticular groove?

A

suckling

47
Q

Drugs and Reticular Groove

A

can cause dilution, deactivation of certain drugs (including those for helminths)

48
Q

Is the large intestine longer in browsers or grazers?

A

browsers

49
Q

3 Organisms in Rumen Fermentation

A

bacteria, protozoa, and fungi

50
Q

Rumen pH

A

5.5 to 7.2

51
Q

Main Benefits of Microbial Fermentation

A

conversion of cellulose, conversion of non-protein nitrogen to utilizable protein, vitamin B and K synthesis

52
Q

Protozoa in the Rumen

A

small, medium large; when the large ones die off or things slow down, you have a problem

53
Q

Effect of carbohydrates on speed of digestion

A

CHOs increase digestion speed

54
Q

Acetate and Proprionate pathways

A

absorbed across rumen wall to liver via portal vein, proprionate for gluconeogenesis and acetate for fatty acid synthesis

55
Q

Butyrate use

A

converted into ketoacids for energy

56
Q

The major energy source for ruminants?

A

VFAs

57
Q

3 carbon backbone of fatty acids?

A

glycerol

58
Q

% of starch digested in rumen

A

75-80%

59
Q

Can cows process sugar?

A

NO, so much diarrhea

60
Q

chymosin (rennin)

A

produced by chief cells in abomasum, coagulates milk by destabilizing casein, inc. retention time

61
Q

What replaces chymosin as a calf ages?

A

pepsin

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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