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603 Physiology > GI 4 > Flashcards

GI 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Is swallowing initiation voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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2
Q

3 Phases of Swallowing

A
  1. Oral
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Esophageal
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3
Q

Oral phase

A

tongue push bolus to soft palate, triggers swallowing reflex

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4
Q

Which of the three phases of swallowing is under voluntary control?

A

oral phase

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5
Q

Pharyngeal phase

A

propel food bolus from mouth through pharynx to esophagus

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6
Q

Esophageal phase

A

move bolus through esophagus to stomach

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7
Q

Peristalsis

A

coordinated series of muscle constrictions and relaxations to create propulsive motility of the GI tract

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8
Q

Area of constriction

A

part of peristalsis created by contractions of the inner circular muscle

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9
Q

Dilation

A

part of peristalsis created by contractions of the outer longitudinal muscle

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10
Q

What innervates striated muscle of the esophagus?

A

direct innervation by somatic motor fibers of the vagus nerve

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11
Q

What innervates smooth muscle in the esophagus?

A

visceral (autonomic) motor fibers of the vagal nerve via myenteric plexus

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12
Q

Functions of the Upper Esophageal (Cranial) Sphincter

A

deliver bolus to stomach under control of swallowing reflex; prevent air and reflux from entering upper esophagus

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13
Q

Functions of the Lower Esophageal (Cardiac) Sphincter

A

prevent gastroesophageal reflux

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14
Q

Sensory Nerve function in Control of Swallowing

A

in pharynx and esophagus, detect distention and low pH and communicate to the medulla (can also supplement the myenteric plexus)

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15
Q

Medulla function in Control of Swallowing

A

tell respiratory center (also in medulla) to pause respiration; communicate with vagal nuclei to send motor signals

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16
Q

Megaesophagus

A

generalized esophageal dilation and hypoperistalsis

17
Q

Achalasia

A

lower esophageal sphincter fails to undergo relaxation so contents can’t get into stomach

18
Q

Treatment for Megaesophagus?

A

Bailey chairs

19
Q

Functions of the Stomach (3)

A
  1. Temporary food storage
  2. Process food into a fluid consistency
  3. Release fluid into the intestine at a controlled rate
20
Q

4 Parts of the Stomach

A
  1. Cardiac part
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus
21
Q

Proximal Region of the Stomach Function

A

store ingested food, tonic contractions

22
Q

Distal Region of the Stomach Function

A

break up, mix, and propel food; phasic contractions

23
Q

Fundic Accomodation

A

fundus expands in response to increased gastric pressure to prevent reflux

24
Q

retropulsion

A

occurs when peristaltic wave hits pyloric sphincter and ingesta is crushed and pushed back towards proximal stomach

25
Q

3 Locations that can trigger Fundic Accomodation

A
  1. Mouth/Pharynx
  2. Stomach
  3. Small Intestine
26
Q

Fundic Accommodation at the Mouth/Pharynx

A

chewing/swallowing triggers vagovagal reflex; motor neuron releases ACh at the myenteric plexus, which in turn triggers the release of inhibitory NTs (NO and VIP) causing relaxation of the proximal stomach to decrease gastric pressure

27
Q

Fundic Accommodation of the Stomach

A

sensory neurons of the enteric nervous system detect stretch of the stomach wall, also causes release of NTs for additional relaxation of the proximal stomach; can also signal back to CNS

28
Q

Fundic Accommodations of the Small Intestine (2)

A

components of digestive products (fats, proteins) signal the release of CCK from enteroendocrine cells and tells a sensory neuron back to the dorsovagal complex to trigger one of the other responses; stretch of small intestine can also directly cause the release of NO and VIP

29
Q

Enterogastric Reflex

A

feedback loop due to a signal from the small intestine to cause an effect in the stomach

30
Q

What three environmental aspects in the duodenum could inhibit stomach emptying via the enterogastric reflex?

A
  1. Low pH
  2. High osmolality
  3. Presence of Fat
31
Q

Migrating Motor Complex

A

takes effect during fasting (interdigestive phase) to clear all the residue in the GI tract, contractions throughout stomach with a wide open pyloric sphincter and relaxed duodenum

32
Q

Hormone involved in the Migrating Motor Complex?

A

Motilin

33
Q

Problems if gastric emptying is too slow?

A

vomiting, loss of appetite, early satiety, gastric ulcers; often due to obstructions at the gastric outlet (cancer, peptic ulcer disease) or problems with motor events in distal stomach

34
Q

Problems if gastric emptying is too fast?

A

diarrhea, duodenal ulcers

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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