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603 Physiology > GI 3 > Flashcards

GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the barriers in the GI tract function to do?

A

protect the GI tract

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2
Q

Physical Barrier in the GI tract

A

mucus layer, formed by the mucins from Goblet cells in the intestinal epithelium

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3
Q

Junctions b/n cells in the intestinal epithelium?

A

tight junctions

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4
Q

Paneth cells

A

secrete AMP (antimicrobial peptides) into the intestinal lumen and acts as a chemical barrier

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5
Q

Digestive secretions

A

gastric acid, saliva, and bile can act as a barrier in the GI tract

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6
Q

Largest immunological compartment in the body?

A

GI tract

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7
Q

Two Types of Immune System

A
  1. Innate
  2. Adaptive/Acquired
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8
Q

Innate Immune Systems

A

broad specificity, first line of defense
includes macrophages, dendritic cells, and intestinal epithelial cells

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9
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

specific to antigen; have to be induced

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10
Q

Intraepithelial Lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune cells present in the intestinal epithelium [and lamina propria]; lymphatics drain to the mesenteric lymph node

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11
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

aggregated follicles of lymphoid nodules; contain lymphocytes (naive B and T cells)

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12
Q

M cells

A

microfold cells; uptakes antigen at epithelial surface (lumen) and presents antigen to B and T cells, which are transported to mesenteric lymph node and undergoes differentiation

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13
Q

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)

A

includes intraepithelial lymphocytes, lymphocytes in the lamina propria, andlymphoid nodules (isolated or aggregated)

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14
Q

What is an aggregated patch of lymphoid nodules called?

A

Peyer’s Patch

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15
Q

Gut Microbiota Functions (4)

A
  1. Support digestion and absoprtion
  2. Maintain intestinal mucosa barrier
  3. Shape the host immune system
  4. Prevent colonization by pathogens
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16
Q

How much more bacteria is encoded in bacteria vs. the host?

A

100 times more

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17
Q

Dysbiosis

A

an imbalance (either in number or type) of microbial communities that are associated with a disease outcome

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18
Q

Examples of Diseases that can cause Dysbiosis (4)

A
  1. Necrotizing enterocolitis
  2. IBD
  3. IBS
  4. GI cancer
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19
Q

What are the three ways dysbiosis can have distant effects?

A

produce metabolites, stimulate cytokine secretion, or secrete pathogen associated microbial peptide into the blood

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20
Q

Organs possibly affected by dysbiosis

A

heart, liver, brain, prostate, kidney, lung, islet cells

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21
Q

Gut-Brain Axis

A

considered potentially relevant in diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

22
Q

Intestinal Dysbiosis in Animals can affect what? (3)

A
  1. Animal Health
  2. Production
  3. Food Safety
23
Q

6 Factors that control Microbiota Composition

A
  1. Maternal Effect
  2. Host Genetics
  3. Diet
  4. Antibiotic Use
  5. Fasting (incl. travel stress)
  6. Age
24
Q

How can we improve disease prevention and treatment with the gut microbiota?

A

probiotics, or prebiotics based treatment
fecal transplants

25
Q

3 Sensory Systems responsible for detecing changes in/near GI Wall

A
  1. Neural sensation
  2. Endocrine
  3. Immune
26
Q

4 Effector Systems

A
  1. Nervous System
  2. Endocrine
  3. Immune System
  4. Non-Immune Defense System
27
Q

Motility

A

contraction and relaxation of the wall and sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract

28
Q

3 Functions of GI Motility

A
  1. Break up food and mix it with secretions
  2. Propel food bolus
  3. Retain ingested food at specific points for digestion, absorption, or storage
29
Q

unitary smooth muscle

A

gap junctions between individual smooth muscle cells to spread the electrical signal very quickly and helps with synchronous contractions (grouped into branching bundles)

30
Q

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

A

cells closely associated with the motor neurons of the GI tract and connect to ICCs and SMCs via gap jxns

31
Q

Pacemaker of the GI Tract?

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

32
Q

Do interstital cells of Cajal have neurotransmitter receptors?

A

yes - can get signals from motor neurons for contraction

33
Q

Slow Wave (Basic Electric Rhythm)

A

oscillating depolarization and repolarization of the [resting] membrane electric potential in the smooth muscle

34
Q

If there are more negative ions inside the cell than outside the cell, is the membrane potential positive or negative?

A

negative

35
Q

Can basic electric rhythm generate phasic contractions?

A

No, only weak contractions - it needs contribution of action potentials from other timuli (ex: motor neurons) to reach threshold

36
Q

Origin of basic electric rhythm?

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal (the pacemaker)

37
Q

What controls the contractile parameters of frequency, propagation velocity and direction?

A

slow wave (basic electric rhythm)

38
Q

Basic Electric Rhythm

A

Slow Wave

39
Q

Slow Wave

A

Basic Electric Rhythm

40
Q

Do slow waves require neural or hormonal input to occur?

A

No, they’re independent

41
Q

Effect of Excitatory Molecules on Slow Wave

A

elevates baseline membrane potential and increases the chance of an action potential

42
Q

Are slow waves consistent throughout the entire GI tract?

A

no

43
Q

What part of the GI tract has the lowest BER frequency?

A

stomach

44
Q

2 Types of Contractions

A
  1. Tonic (sustained)
  2. Phasic (rhythmic)
45
Q

What type of contraction can occur without an action potential?

A

tonic contraction

46
Q

Tonic contraction

A

maintain constant level of weak contraction w/o regular periods of relaxation (minutes to hours)

47
Q

Examples of Tonic Contractions in the GI (5)

A

lower esophageal sphincter, pylorus, fundus/body of stomach, ileocecal sphincter, internal anal sphincter

48
Q

Phasic Contractions

A

periodic contractions followed by relaxation (seconds)

49
Q

Can phasic contractions occur without an action potential?

A

no

50
Q

Examples of Phasic Contractions in the GI (3)

A

esophageal body, distal stomach, intestines

51
Q

myogenic

A

smooth muscle contractions independent of neural input or membrane voltage

603 Physiology (22 decks)

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