Heart and Lung Flashcards
Common respiratory infections
-bronchitis
-pertussis
-pnuemonia
Danger of pathogens on epithelium (inside)
-cause inflammation, increased mucus secretion (may lead to airway obstruction)
Common symptoms of lower respiratory infections
-cough, shortness of breath, fever, generalized malaise, chest pain
Diagnosis of lower respiratory infections
-X rays, CRP blood test, microbiological tests
Bronchitis
-inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes
-mostly viral
symptoms of bronchitis
-nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, mild cough
-increased cough > 10 days, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, tightness/pain in the chest
Treatment of bronchitis
-suspension of training, hydration, cough suppressant, asthma inhalers
Cough > 3 weeks
-likely not bronchitis
-potential asthma, pertussis
Bronchitis RTS
-gradual return once symptoms resolve
Pertussis
-highly contagious, acute respiratory illness
-severe spasmodic coughing episodes
-bacterial infection
Pertussis treatment and prevention
-antibiotics, supportive (rest, fluids)
-cough mixtures and suppressants won’t work
-prevention: vaccine
Pneumonia
-infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs (fill with fluid or pus)
-could be bacterial, viral, or fungal
Symptoms of pneumonia
-persistent cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, cyanosis, headache, muscle ache, fatigue, confusion
Diagnosis of pneumonia
-physical examination, X-ray (looking for white spots), lab tests
Pneumothorax
-air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall
-causes wall collapse
-sudden chest pain and shortness of breath
Which population is likely to have spontaneous pneumothorax?
tall, young, males
Causes of pneumothorax
-spontaneous
-trauma (chest injury, broken rib)
-damage from underlying disease
Diagnosis of pneumothorax
-physical exam, chest X-ray, CT
Treatment of pneumothorax
-small (less than 15%) conservative treatment and monitoring
-larger (>15%) install chest tube in the lung for re-expansion
Asthma
-“reversible airway disease”
-airway narrowing and inflammation
-wheezing (EXPIRATORY)
-cough, chest tightness w/ exercise
PFT
-pulmonary function test (asthma)
Types of PFT
-spirometry: airflow
-diffusing capacity: oxygen and C02 exchange efficiency
-bronchodilator reversibility: see if performance improves w/ bronchodilator
-exercise testing: exercise induced asthma (EIA) or exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB)
Rapid, short term asthma treatments
-short acting beta agonist
-oral and intravenous corticosteroids
-ipratropium
EIA
-exercise induced asthma
-underlying, exercise triggers
EIB
-exercise induced bronchospasm
-no history of asthma
What condition may further exasperate EIA or EIB
-cold, outdoors
ECG/EKG waves
P = atrial contraction
QRS = ventricular contraction
T = recovery of ventricles
HR w/ tachycardia
> 100 bpm
HR w/ bradycardia
<60 bpm (common in athletes)
HR 2 y/o
80-130 bpm
HR adult
60-100 bpm
Premature atrial contraction (PAC)
-changes in P wave, early beat
-palpations
-caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, fatigue, and underlying heart conditions
-bet blockers if frequent and symptomatic
Echocariogram
-ultrasound of size/shape/function of valves, chambers, and muscles
Athlete’s heart
-strengthening of left ventricle (muscle), increase chamber size w/ training
-maximal stroke volume and cardiac output increase
-lower resting HR
What harmless indicators may appear w/ athletes heart
-bradycardia (<60 bpm)
-systolic murmur
-extra heart sounds
Causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD)
-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
-commotio cordis
-myocarditis
SCD
-death likely first indicator of problem
-male, high school, little older
-underlying, undiagnosed heart condition
SCD athletes < 35
-genetic and acquired cardiovascular abnormalities
SCD athletes > 35
–atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
-genetic condition
-LV hypertrophy (tachycardia)
-widened septum (barrier btwn ventricles)
Treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
-beta blockers
-blood thinners
-surgery
-implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
Commotio cordis
-blunt chest trauma over heart (sternum)
-sudden cardiac arrest
-hit just before T wave
-prevent: chest protectors
Myocarditis
-inflammation of the heart muscle
-65% viral infection
Myocarditis symptoms
-chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath
-can cause arrhythmias (rhythm)
-increase risk of blood clots
Diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis
-EKG, echo, blood test, MRI
-prolonged rest
-arrhythmia medication
Who should get screened for heart diseases?
-any syncope symptoms
-exercise related chest pain
-heart rate irregularity
-family history of cardiovascular disease
Marfan syndrome
-genetic disorder impacting connective tissues
-increased risk for cardiac and pulmonary problems
Signs of marfan syndrome
-tall, slender, crowded teeth, sternum caves in/out, flexible joints, curved spine, high pressure in eye, cystic changes in lungs, abnormal heart sounds
