Bone Injuries Flashcards
Trabecular (spongy) bone
Cuboidal bones, flat bones, at the end of long bones (75 -95% porosity)
Cortical (compact) bone
Outer shell of long bones (low porosity 5-10 %)
Red bone marrow produces…
Blood cells
Yellow marrow…
Stores fat
Functions of bones
Mechanical purposes (structure), mineral storage, blood cell production, fat storage, hormone regulation
Bone adaptations to training
- Increases bone mass
- site specific increase in bone strength
- driven by dynamic (not static) loading
- only short duration needed
- peak strength/density (25-30)
Osteoclasts
Remove bone (“c” think killer)
Osteoblasts
Produce bone (“b” think buddy)
Describe the stress qualities of compact bone
Can withstand greater force, but as soon as they are overloaded its a quick fracture
Describe the stress qualities of spongy bone
Can’t handle substantial loading without straining (will bend for a while before failure though)
traumatic fracture
High energy fracture (can be open/closed)
Pathological fracture
Acute onset, but weaker bones due to sickness or disease
Stress fracture
Also known as a fatigue fracture and develops over time
Bone contusion
Acute traumatic bone injury without fracture
Osteitis
Inflammation of bone (think “o” like rounded out and swollen)
Periostitis
Inflammation of periosteum
Tension loading (lifting/stretching)
transverse fracture (horizontal)
Compression loading (push/force inward)
Oblique fracture
Bending loading motion
Butterfly fracture
Torsion (twisting) in loading
Spiral fracture
Fracture healing stages (4)
1) blood clotting and inflammation (3-7 days)
2) soft callus formation (2 weeks)
3) hard callous formation (2 weeks)
4) bone remodelling (many years)
Woven bone
Quickly formed, poorly organized (soft callus stage)
Lamellar bone
Slowly formed, highly organized and later replaces woven bone (hard callus stage)
Which bones will heal in 3-6 months?
Femoral neck, femur, tibia
How long does it take vertebra to heal?
6 weeks to several months
Complications associated with fractures
Infection, delayed/mal/non-union, acute compartment syndrome, osteonecrosis (bone death), nerve injury, vascular injury, Osteoarthritis, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (blood clots)
Spondylolysis
Fracture of lumbar vertebral disc
Spondylolisthesis
Slipping of vertebra
Treatment for posterior element overuse syndrome
Avoid extension, increase core strength, anti-lordic exercises, stretching (hip flexors)
Medial tibial stress syndrome (mtss)
Shin splints result from repetitive loading leading to periosteal inflammation (diffuse pain)
Tibial stress fracture
Focal pain that appears during activity
