Drugs/Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

-how the body affects drug

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

-how drug affects body

Question 3

When is Tylenol used? What is its alternate name?

Answer 3

pain and fever (acetaminophen)

Question 4

When should NSAIDS be used?

Answer 4

pain, fever, anti-inflammatory

Question 5

When should cortisone be used?

Answer 5

pain, anti-inflammatory

Question 6

When could opioids be used?

Answer 6

limited usage- acute severe pain

Question 7

When might cannabinoids be used?

Answer 7

chronic pain

Question 8

Drug

Answer 8

-any substance (other than normal bodily constituent, or required for normal body function) that has an effect of altering bodily functions

Question 9

Routes of administration

Answer 9

-oral, sublingual (buccal), inhaled, topical, vaginal (rectal), transdermal (systemic patch), injection (IV)

Question 10

What characteristics of the drug affect absorption

Answer 10

-formulation (tablet, liquid)
-solubility (liquid/water)
-particle size
-pH
-drug ionization (ionized = slow)

Question 11

What impacts drug absorption in the body?

Answer 11

-motility
-food in stomach
-vomiting/diarrhea
-circulation
-surface area of administration
-degree of first-pass metabolism

Question 12

Bioavailability

Answer 12

= “first pass effect”
-fraction of the dose administered that reaches systemic circulation in an unchanged state

Question 13

Metabolism

Answer 13

= biotransformation
-conversion (by enzymes) to more polar (less lipid soluble) form
-occurs in liver cells

Question 14

Phases of metabolism

Answer 14

1) Cytochrome (conversion into polar metabolites - amino acids, sugars, nucleic acid)
2) Conjugation (coupling of a drug with bodily substance)

Question 15

Factors affecting metabolism

Answer 15

-genetic
-environmental (encourages enzymes or inhibits)
-physiological (age, liver/renal disease, nutrition, alcohol, smoking)

Question 16

Common routes of elimination

Answer 16

-kidneys
-GI tract
-exhalation
-saliva

Question 17

Half-life

Answer 17

-time taken for the serum drug level to fall 50% during elimination

Question 18

Therapeutic window

Answer 18

-safe and effective dose, with minimally adverse effects

Question 19

Lower limit (therapeutic window)

Answer 19

-concentration that produces half the greatest possible effect

Question 20

Upper limit (therapeutic window)

Answer 20

-no more than 5-10% experience harmful effects

Question 21

Clinical effects of alcohol

Answer 21

50-100 (incoordination)
150-200 (decreased reaction time)
200-300 (nausea/vomit/ataxia)
>400 (coma/respiratory failure/death)

Question 22

Common side effects of NSAIDS

Answer 22

-nausea, stomach pain, ulcer
-hypertension, fluid retention, renal failure
-dysfunctional platelets (inhibit clotting)
-vasoconstriction of vessels (hypertension)

Question 23

NSAIDS implication for injuries

Answer 23

-inhibit protein synthesis (muscle repair)
-inhibit proliferation and collagen formation

Question 24

Types of steroids in sport

Answer 24

1) anabolic
2) glucocorticoids/corticosteroid/cortisone

Question 25

medical uses of opioids

Answer 25

-pain relief (acute/chronic)
-sedation, anesthesia
-cough, diarrhea, dyspnea (shortness of breath)

Question 26

Side effects of opioids

Answer 26

-nausea, dizziness, constipation, sedation, confusion
-high risk of dependency (addiction)

Question 27

Side effects of cannabinoids

Answer 27

-acute: sedation, dizziness, sensory disturbance, hallucinations, euphoria, anxiety, cognitive impairment, hypotension
-chronic: depression, psychosis/schizophrenia, lung disease