Heart Flashcards
What is a harsh or musical intermittent auscultatory sound, especially an abnormal one called?
Bruit
What is bacterial infection of the endothelial layer of the heart and valves?
Bacterial endocarditis
What is excessive fluid accumulation between the pericardium and the heart?
Cardiac tamponade
What is Cor pulmonale?
enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to chronic lung disease
What is inflammation of the myocardium called?
Myocarditis
What is the myocardium?
middle layer of the heart
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium
What is a thrill?
fine, palpable sensation
Where is the aortic valve auscultated?
right 2nd intercostal
Where is the pulmonic valve auscultated?
left 2nd intercostal
Where is the mitral valve auscultated?
left 5th intercostal
Where is the tricuspid auscultated?
Left 4th intercostal, along sternal border
What is the parietal pleura innervated by?
Phrenic
Is the visceral pleural sensitive to pain?
No
What layer of the heart is usually affected in MIs?
Myocardium
What is another name for the epicardium?
Visceral epicardium
What causes heart sounds?
Blood flow
Is S3 pathologic?
In atheletes, can be normal.
Otherwise yes
What causes S1?
Closure of the AV vales
What causes S2?
semilunar valve closure
What causes S3?
Heard when blood flows passively from the atria to the ventricle
What causes S4?
The atria contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome an abnormally stiff or hypertrophic ventricle
How many beat do you need to listen to to auscultate properly?
4 beats = 3 seconds
What part of the stethoscope do you use to listen to S1 or S2?
Diaphragm
What part of the stethoscope is used to listen to higher pitched sounds?
Diaphragm
What part of the stethoscope is used to listen to lower pitched sounds?
Bell
What part of the stethoscope would you use to listen for S3 or S4?
Bell
How can you make it easier to find the PMI?
Lay the patient in the left lateral recumbant
What are the six qualities to assess for, for a murmur?
- Grade
- Where in cycle
- Sound shape
- Sound quality
- Heard loudest
- Radiation
(GCSQLR)
True or false: ANY murmur present in SYSTOLE is pathologic
False–any in DIASTOLE
When are aortic/pulmonic ejection sounds heard?
In early systole
An ejection sounds that radiates into the carotids is probably of which type (aortic or pulmonary)?
Aortic
An ejection sounds that intensifies on expiration and decreases on inspiration is of what type (aortic or pulmonary)?
Pulmonary
True or false: aortic ejection sounds change with inspiration/expiration
False
When is an “opening snap” heard?
Diastole when there is a deformed mitral valve
Where is the PMI found normally?
left 5th intercostal space
At the base, is S2 > or < S1?
S2 is greater at the base
Is A2 >, < or = to P2 normally?
A2>P2
True or false: JVD pulsation occurs in unison with the heart beat?
False–opposite
What is the range of normal for JVP?
<3cm above sternal angle
Does the PMI change in CHF?
Yes
Why are bruits heard more over the left carotid?
Comes straight off of aorta
What is the normal diameter for a PMI?
1.5-2 cm
Displacement of the apical pulse lateral to the midclavicular line is indicative of what?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Heaves along the left sternal border is indicative of what?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Heaves at the apex is indicative of what?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
