Health and the People Flashcards
1
Q
How was Al-Razi known in Europe?
A
Rhazes
2
Q
What was Rhazes’ real name?
A
Al Razi
3
Q
what important view about medicine did Al Razi have?
A
He stressed the need for observing patients
4
Q
what diseases did Al Razi distinguish and how many books did he write?
A
measles and smallpox
150
5
Q
what were simples/compounds
A
medicines made from 1 herb only/a mixture
6
Q
what were the 3 main problems for surgeons?
A
pain infection bloodloss
7
Q
what was the statute of labourers and what response did it get?
A
1351
prevented peasants moving tolook for better pay.
met with anger and revolt
8
Q
how did vesalius realise Galen’s findings were wrong?
A
he saw that galen made mistakes because he’d used animals not humans
9
Q
give an example of a way that vesalius corrected galen
A
no small holes in heart
10
Q
what did Pare use instead of hot oil
A
mixture of rose oil turpentine and egg whites
11
Q
what other things did Pare promote?
A
using ligatures, small strings around blood vessels
12
Q
what books did Pare write
A
works on surgery, anatomie universalle
13
Q
What were the Christian views on medicine in the medieval period?
A
Believed in following Jesus, who healed the sick
However as illnesses came from god they should not be healed
so praying was the best cure
encouraged belief in miraculous healing eg bone/hair relics from saints
14
Q
Who stayed in Lazar houses?
A
people with leprosy
15
Q
how many hospitals were started in between 1000 and 1500?
A
700
16
Q
how did medieval hospitals get money?
A
financed by church or a wealthy patron
17
Q
What was Ibn Sina known as in Europe and what did he write?
A
Avicenna, Canon of Medicine
18
Q
What was the canon of medicine?
A
over 1m words long book containing all greek+islamic knowledge around ~1000
contained knowledge of 760 drugs
19
Q
which book could be described as “over 1m words long book containing all greek+islamic knowledge around ~1000
contained knowledge of 760 drugs” and who wrote it
A
Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine
20
Q
who wrote Doubts about Galen?
A
Al-Razi
21
Q
Who was Ibn al-Nafis?
A
Physician who 1st described how blood circulates via lungs. Concluded Galen wrong.
books weren’t read in west because galen criticism
22
Q
what was the islamic opinion of medicine?
A
people w/ mental illness treated w/ compassion as victims
rather than sinners punished by God
23
Q
Who was Frugardi? (~1180)
A
widely used textbook “v practice of surgery”
warned against trepanning
tried ambitious chest operations
attempted to remove bladder stones
24
Q
What was Daffy’s Elixir?
A
famous 17th century cure
“cured fits, worms, gout, kidney stones, tempered children” etc
contained many herbs like raisins aniseed saffron parsley
would do no harm but no good
25
What was the main ingredient in quack medicine in the renaissance?
alcohol and opium
26
how did the printing press affect medicine?
it allowed new ideas to spread quickly around Europe, and old and new books to be studied
27
what was the royal touch?
~3,000 people came per year to get cured by magical King touch
28
how did the renaissance affect medicine?
printing press
desire for realistic art-> artists studied anatomy closely
new scientific method w/ hypotheses + experimentation. some started to question old beliefs
new weapons->new need for new surgeries and
medicines
new lands, new plants
29
what was the midwives book?
in 1671
Jane Sharp wrote abt her practical knowledge, based on her K & experience
Argued midwifery should be female only
30
what was the foundling hospital
James Coram opened it in 1741
created to tackle high rates of infant mortality
provided care for abandoned children
cared for foster children and many of them to live in hospital and be educated
31
how did charles 2 die
His doctor reported a "disturbance of the brain"
He was purged, bled, cauterised ,given 58 drugs. None helped his serious kidney disease
32
when was a cure found for scurvy
James Lind discovered that lemons/limes could be used as a cure in 1753
33
What was a Treatise on Asthma?
john Foyer published in 1698
1st to identify causes
suggested treatments eg clear air,diet
34
What was Robert Burton's study on?
Mental Illness. Published 1621. recommended fresh air, exercise, music and laughter
35
What would quacks give their patients?
Mainly alcohol/opium to dull the pain but not treat the illness/injury
36
When did voluntary hospitals start to appear?
Early 18th. funded by inheritances. implemented new ways of treating sickness, not just caring
37
how did war affect the development of germ theory?
France lost franco-prussian war
fr+ger tensions raised
nations interested in medicine so less soldiers died from disease
govs funded scientists
38
how did govs affect dev of germ theory
pasteur+koch were equipped with a team and lab by the gov
39
how did luck affect germ theory
pasteur was looking at chicken cholera
by accident his assistantused an old weakened sample of microbes instead
when the chickens were infected they survived
they also survived when infected w/ stronger germs
this allowed them to have insights about immunisation
40
list some ways people tried to deal with contagion in the great plague
all gatherings (plays bear baiting etc) banned
no wandering beggars
"nursekeepers" quarantine for 28 days after being in a house w/ infected person
watchmen to guard infected houses
examiners find out which houses are infected, then give order to the constable to shut it up
41
what time period vaguely was the renaissance?
1450 - 1700
42
why did people object to innoculation?
"god sent illness to punish us for sin so preventing it is wrong"
people didn't understand that getting a virus could help
people could accidentally die if given larger dose
poor people couldnt afford
innoculated people still contagious
43
where did jenner get his ideas from
his experimental mentor john hunter
smallpox innoculations common+wellknown
rumours of milkmaids not getting smallpox
44
Which scientists failed to carry out Jenner's experiment?
George Pearson and William Woodville
45
Who were george pearson and william woodville?
two scientists who failed to carry out jenner's experiment and when they failed their patient died
their equipment was contminated
46
when did parliament give jenner a grant and for how much?
£30,000 grant to set up clinic
£10,000 to research
47
which factors affected the discovery of the smallpox vaccine
individual genius (jenner)
govnment (grants from parliament)
48
when did louis pasteur publish his germ theory
1861
49
when was the first basic microscope invented?
1677
50
what was spontaneous generation?
the idea that microbes could appear as if by magic when something rotted (the disease casued the microbes)
51
who was the first to challenge spontaneous generation?
Friedrich Henle , he said microbes caused disease
52
what was specificity?
the idea that there were dif. types of bacteria
53
how was war a factor in the renaissance?
pare, guns meant new wounds
54
What was Nightingale's background
Wealthy bg
Parents thought nursing innapropriate for a women of her class
Despite objections did 4 months training in Ger
55
What were Nightingale's theories?
believed in miasma
disagreed with germ theory
hospitals should be clean + hygeinic
56
what changes did nightingale make to hospitals she worked at?
fresh air
clean sheets and floors
good food
trained nurses
plenty of light
privacy
57
what factors influenced nightingale?
-war- gov sent her to crimea, when she saw the situation it made her determined to improve the conditions
-she thought if she could improve the conditions there she could also improve the conditions in crimea she could do the same in england
-fought against conservative idea that women shouldn't work
-religion- "god called her to help people"
58
consequences of nightingale?
consulted on hospital layouts
nursing became respected
established nurse training centre
first woman elected to royal statistical society
published over 30 books
"notes on nursing" was a best seller
improved hospital conditions
recieved order of merit
crimean soldier death rates from 40-2%
59
after nightingale improved conditions in the hospitals in the crimean war, how much did the death rate decrease?
40%-2%
60
How did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson eventually become a doctor?
worked as a surgical nurse
private education
passed an exam in society of apothecaries with the highest marks out of all the examinees, they promptly banned women
61
What did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson do?
-At her own practice she set up with an outpatient's service for the poor, eventually becoming the New Hospital for Women and Children staffed entirely by women
-Learned french to get degree from paris university that accepted women
-Helped set up London School of Medicine for Women
62
How did Sophia Jex-Blake become a doctor?
Educated in private schools
Enrolled at Queen's College
Father refused for her to work for money
Visited USA, tried to get into Harvard
Applied for Edinburgh Uni who said they couldn't just let /her/ in, so she advertised for more students eventually the "edinburgh 7" were allowed in
63
When did Lister first test out his theories?
boy called jamie greenlees run over by cart
leg fractured
normally amputation would be done
lister set his leg and wrapped in carbolic acid soaked bandages
64
What was Lister's method?
spray carbolic acid on surgeon's hand, wounds, tools, soak bandages, ligatures and dressings
65
when was the first cholera epidemic and how many people did it kill?
1831
50,000 people
66
what are the symptoms of cholera?
violent sickness,painful diarrhoea,skin and nails turning black
67
Who published a report on living conditions and health of the poor in 1839?
Edwin Chadwick
68
what prompted the government to set up chadwick's enquiry?
the 1837 and 1838 outbreaks of cholera
69
what were the main points of chadwick's enquiry?
-disease caused by miasma
-bad air caused by filth. when these are improved death rate goes down
-people cannot develop clean habits until they have clean water
-more people are killed by filth than wars
-money would be saved if less parents died as rich ppl pay for orphans. healthier workforce, harder work
70
How many people did cholera kill in 1831?
50,000
71
In which year were 50,000 people killed from cholera?
1831
72
What was the significance of John Snow?
Birth of statistical analysis and epidemiology
73
What were the main points of the 1848 public health act?
-Central Board of Health
-Force some areas to set up a local health board where high death rate or 10%+ of ppl ask
-gave towns power to spend money on pub health imrpvoements
74
What could the local boards of health set up by the public health act do?
-appoint a specialist medical officer
-provide sewers
-inspect lodging houses
-check food quality
75
what were the disadvantages of the 1848 public health act?
not compulsory. many towns did nothing
76
When was the central board of health closed and why?
1854
strong resentment of gov interference
77
which pub. health law was passed in 1848?
public health act (1st)
78
When did John Snow go to investigate cholera?
after the 1854 epidemic
79
Who came first, Snow or Pasteur?
Snow
80
Who was the person who designed the sewers for London?
Joseph Bazalgette
81
When was the heat wave that worsened the great stink?
1858
82
how many pounds was bazalgette given to make the sewers?
£3m
83
When was the Sanitary Act?
1866
84
What was the sanitary act?
local councils responsible 4 sewers, water + street cleaning
towns needs a health inspector
85
When was vaccination made compulsory?
1853
86
When was the Artisans Dwelling Act?
1875
87
Which acts were passed in 1875?
the Artisans Dwelling Act and the Second Public Health Act
88
What was the Artisans Dwelling Act?
house owners responsible 4 keeping houses in good order, gave local councils power to buy+ demolish slum housing if not improved
89
What was the second public health act?
Same as the first, but compulsory this time
councils ordered to cover up sewers and keep them in good condition, supply fresh water collect rubbish and provide street lighting
90
in which year was the second public health act?
1875
91
What was the Sale of Food and Drugs act?
introduces guidelines for the sale of food and medicines
92
When were Bazalgette's sewers finished?
1866
93
When were the london sewers started?
1858
94
Who discovered chloroform's anaesthetic properties?
James Simpson
95
Can you use James Simpson falling asleep for chance?
No
96
What were the drawbacks of Ether?
caused vomiting, hard to inhale, highly flammable (surgeries were often performed by candlelight)
97
What did victoria say about chloroform and when?
after using it to give birth to prince leopold, she said "the effect was soothing, quieting and delightful beyond measure"
98
when did joseph lister perform his operation on jamie greenlees?
1965
99
by when was aseptic surgery becoming more common?
1890s
100
When did Pasteur discover a rabies vaccine?
1880
101
When did william morton give a demonstration of ether that helped its popularity spread to europe?
1846
102
When did victoria use chloroform to give birth?
18
53
103
What objections did people have with anesthetics?
-pain in childbirth is punishment for sinful women
-soldiers should deal with it
104
What effect did introduction of anesthetics have on surgery?
A major step for the patient
did not revolutionise; severe death rate from infection
105
what was infection from surgery known as?
hospital fever or hospitalism
106
what objections did people have with antiseptics?
-ppl thought lister was a fanatic for spraying everything in the theatre, thinking it too extreme
-carbolic acid made everything smell and the surgeons' skin crack
-caused extra work
-convinced speed was still essential (due to bleeding mostly) and this slowed it down
-some people tested his method and due to being less thorough it made them criticise him; some claimed it prevented the body's defence mechanisms from working properly
-ideas of germ theory spread slowly and many surgeons found the idea of tiny microbes hard to accept
-many people felt defensieve as patients dying in surgery was the norm
-he was not a showman and did not give impressive public displays
-he was always experimenting with new techniques but other surgeons said he was doing it because carbolic acid didn't work
107
What was the impact of Bazalgette's sewers?
-cholera never returned
-made parliament want to improve public health more
108
What is public health?
The health of a population as a whole, especially as the subject of gov regulation and support
Eg vaccines, epidemics, water supply and living conditions
109
What was the name of the doctor who believed cholera was waterborne?
John snow
110
When did Snow do his work on cholera?
1854
111
how did Lister contribute to the research on penicillin?
IN 1872 he treated a nurse using penicillum, but he didn't do more than record its name and details
112
what bacteria was killed by the penicillum in the petri dish?
Staphyloccoci
113
when was fleming working working with staphyloccoci?
1928
114
After discovering that the area around the penicillum was free of bacteria, what did Fleming do?
small scale tests on penicillin, wiping it on infected cuts and scratches that had been infected with different germs, but he didn't investigate it to its full potential
used it as a local antiseptic to treat conjunctivitis
115
What did Florey and Chain first do?
Got some penicillin from fleming's store and purified it, testing it on mice injected with bacteria. They survived (in 1940)
116
How much more penicillin did f+c need for a human than a mouse?
3000x the dose
117
when did f and c first test penicillin on a human?
in 1941 a man pricked with rose thorn infected with staphyloccoci was given penicillin but although he started to recover he eventually died
118
when did f and c go to the usa
nov 1941 just after pearl harbour. the us gov agreed to pay millions of dollars for us chemical firms to produce hundreds of thousands of doses for allied soldiers
119
When was the british national blood transfusion service set up?
1938
120
Why did the gov listen to booth and rowantree's reports on poor health and poverty?
concern that an unhealthy workforc could not work as hard
121
what was the beveridge report?
a report written sir william beveridge that suggests that people should be free from disease, ignorance, squalor and basic necessities and that the gov should take charge from "cradle to grave"
122
when was the beveridge report written?
1942
123
what happened in 1973?
Geoff Hounsfield invents the CAT scanner which uses xray images
124
1987?
MRI scanning used to locate brain tumours or stroke damage
125
when was the first sheep cloned?
1996
126
what are endoscopes and when were they developped?
fibre optic cables with a light source allowing doctors to go into small cuts in the skin to see inside the body
127
what is the name for fibre optic cables with a light source allowing doctors to go into small cuts in the skin to see inside the body and when were they invented
1975 endoscopes
128
when was the CAT scanner invented and by who?
Geoff Hounsfield in 1973
129
When was the school meals act?
1906
130
what did the school meals act of 1906 say?
allowed locals councils to provide school meals w/ poor children getting them for free
131
what advancements were made in ww1?
how to store blood,mobile xray machines,plastic surgery
132
when was smallpox eradicated?
1980
133
When was there a new wave of alternative medicines?
1980
134
when was dna discovered?
1953
135
Who and when introduced the national insurance act?
liberal gov in 1910s
136
what was the national insurance act?
provides unemployment benefit, free medical treatment, sickness pay and old age pensions
137
In what ways did WW1 impact medicine? (ADD MORE)
shell shock, infection, blood transfusions, plastic surgery,xray
138
How was knowledge about shell shock/PTSD affected by WW1?
Before the army refused to acknowledge it.
By the end there were too many cases
Symptoms include panic attacks, shaking,refusal to speak/move
139
How was knowledge about plastic surgery affected by WW1? (part 1- gillie)
Harold Gillie developed it from scratch
special unit to graft skin+ treat severe facial wounds
recognised as 1 of the 1st surgeons to consider appearance
set up queen's hospital
140
How was knowledge about plastic surgery affected by WW1? (part 2- gillie's hospital)
set up queen's hospital in 1917 and by 1921 provided over 1000 beds, treating 5000 servicemen by 1921
141
How was knowledge about broken bones affected by WW1?
new bone repair techniques
eg keller blake splint
extended the broken leg in traction, helping bones knit together more securely.
still used today
142
How was knowledge about xrays affected by WW1?
were [verb] in 1895, mobile xray machines were developed to find where bullets/shrapnel were
143
How was knowledge about blood transfusions affected by WW1?
tried 4
yrs
1st success in 1900
ppl didn't know how to store it
in 1914 Albert Hustin found glucose&sodium citrate stopped blood clotting
Other advances allowed for blood to be bottled, packed in ice and
transported
144
Who was McIndoe?
Gillie's cousin who worked on reconstructing facial/hand wounds
145
How was public health affected by WW2?
-Gov propaganda to stay "fighting fit"
-coughs n sneezes spread diseases
-poor children evacuated to rich houses in countryside which showed the differences in pub.health
-"dig for victory" people growing own veg more healthy
146
cure for gas gangrene?
whale oil to make a barrier
147
When was the first open heart surgery?
1950
148
when is the free TB vaccine in the UK?
1948
149
when was the first miniature hearing aid produced?
1952
150
when is the first kidney transplant?
1952
151
what is the triple vaccine and when was it launched in the uk?
1954
diptheria, whooping cough and tetanus
152
when was the free polio vaccine?
1955
153
which free vaccine in 1948?
TB
154
which surgical advancement in 1952?
first kidney transplant
155
which free vaccine in 1954?
triple- diptheria whooping cough and tetanus
156
which free vaccine in 1955?
polio
157
when was cyclosporine developed?
1970
158
what does cyclosporine do?
stops body rejecting transplanted organs
159
which drug developed in 1970 stops the body rejecting transplanted organs?
cyclosporine
160
when is the first heart transplant?
1967, 68 in UK
161
when and who is the first person to be born via IVF?
Louise Brown in 1978
162
when was the CAT scanner invented and what did it do?
1973, used xray images from many angles to build a 3d model
163
when and who is the first liver heart and lung transplant patient?
Davina Thompson in 1986
164
When is smallpox declared eradicated?
1980
165
when is the first full face transplant
2008
166
when is the human genome project launched?
1990
167
when is the first cloned animal?
96
168
What was the free school meals act?
poor kids could have at least one proper meal a day
169
What law around births was passed in 1907?
births should be registered to local health visitor
council could only help children they knew about
170
impact of old age pensions act
free pensions to over70s
old ppl had to work until they died/move in with already poor kids
171
what did labour exchanges do?
helped unemployed people find work
172
what did the national insurance act do?
working men payed a weekly stamp into the scheme and could draw money out if they were sick and couldn't work
173
what was the shops act?
introduced a weekly half day holiday for shop workers
174
what was the parliament act?
payed MPs
