Health and the People Flashcards
How was Al-Razi known in Europe?
Rhazes
What was Rhazes’ real name?
Al Razi
what important view about medicine did Al Razi have?
He stressed the need for observing patients
what diseases did Al Razi distinguish and how many books did he write?
measles and smallpox
150
what were simples/compounds
medicines made from 1 herb only/a mixture
what were the 3 main problems for surgeons?
pain infection bloodloss
what was the statute of labourers and what response did it get?
1351
prevented peasants moving tolook for better pay.
met with anger and revolt
how did vesalius realise Galen’s findings were wrong?
he saw that galen made mistakes because he’d used animals not humans
give an example of a way that vesalius corrected galen
no small holes in heart
what did Pare use instead of hot oil
mixture of rose oil turpentine and egg whites
what other things did Pare promote?
using ligatures, small strings around blood vessels
what books did Pare write
works on surgery, anatomie universalle
What were the Christian views on medicine in the medieval period?
Believed in following Jesus, who healed the sick
However as illnesses came from god they should not be healed
so praying was the best cure
encouraged belief in miraculous healing eg bone/hair relics from saints
Who stayed in Lazar houses?
people with leprosy
how many hospitals were started in between 1000 and 1500?
700
how did medieval hospitals get money?
financed by church or a wealthy patron
What was Ibn Sina known as in Europe and what did he write?
Avicenna, Canon of Medicine
What was the canon of medicine?
over 1m words long book containing all greek+islamic knowledge around ~1000
contained knowledge of 760 drugs
which book could be described as “over 1m words long book containing all greek+islamic knowledge around ~1000
contained knowledge of 760 drugs” and who wrote it
Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine
who wrote Doubts about Galen?
Al-Razi
Who was Ibn al-Nafis?
Physician who 1st described how blood circulates via lungs. Concluded Galen wrong.
books weren’t read in west because galen criticism
what was the islamic opinion of medicine?
people w/ mental illness treated w/ compassion as victims
rather than sinners punished by God
Who was Frugardi? (~1180)
widely used textbook “v practice of surgery”
warned against trepanning
tried ambitious chest operations
attempted to remove bladder stones
What was Daffy’s Elixir?
famous 17th century cure
“cured fits, worms, gout, kidney stones, tempered children” etc
contained many herbs like raisins aniseed saffron parsley
would do no harm but no good
What was the main ingredient in quack medicine in the renaissance?
alcohol and opium
how did the printing press affect medicine?
it allowed new ideas to spread quickly around Europe, and old and new books to be studied
what was the royal touch?
~3,000 people came per year to get cured bymagical King touch
how did the renaissance affect medicine?
printing press
desire for realistic art-> artists studied anatomy closely
new scientific method w/ hypotheses + experimentation. some started to question old beliefs
new weapons->new need for new surgeries and
medicines
new lands, new plants
what was the midwives book?
in 1671
Jane Sharp wrote abt her practical knowledge, based on her K & experience
Argued midwifery should be female only
what was the foundling hospital
James Coram opened it in 1741
created to tackle high rates of infant mortality
provided care for abandoned children
cared for foster children and many of them to live in hospital and be educated
how did charles 2 die
His doctor reported a “disturbance of the brain”
He was purged, bled, cauterised ,given 58 drugs. None helped his serious kidney disease
when was a cure found for scurvy
James Lind discovered that lemons/limes could be used as a cure in 1753
What was a Treatise on Asthma?
john Foyer published in 1698
1st to identify causes
suggested treatments eg clear air,diet
What was Robert Burton’s study on?
Mental Illness. Published 1621. recommended fresh air, exercise, music and laughter
What would quacks give their patients?
Mainly alcohol/opium to dull the pain but not treat the illness/injury
When did voluntary hospitals start to appear?
Early 18th. funded by inheritances. implemented new ways of treating sickness, not just caring
how did war affect the development of germ theory?
France lost franco-prussian war
fr+ger tensions raised
nations interested in medicine so less soldiers died from disease
govs funded scientists
how did govs affect dev of germ theory
pasteur+koch were equipped with a team and lab by the gov
how did luck affect germ theory
pasteur was looking at chicken cholera
by accident his assistantused an old weakened sample of microbes instead
when the chickens were infected they survived
they also survived when infected w/ stronger germs
this allowed them to have insights about immunisation
list some ways people tried to deal with contagion in the great plague
all gatherings (plays bear baiting etc) banned
no wandering beggars
“nursekeepers” quarantine for 28 days after being in a house w/ infected person
watchmen to guard infected houses
examiners find out which houses are infected, then give order to the constable to shut it up
what time period vaguely was the renaissance?
1450 - 1700
why did people object to innoculation?
“god sent illness to punish us for sin so preventing it is wrong”
people didn’t understand that getting a virus could help
people could accidentally die if given larger dose
poor people couldnt afford
innoculated people still contagious
where did jenner get his ideas from
his experimental mentor john hunter
smallpox innoculations common+wellknown
rumours of milkmaids not getting smallpox
Which scientists failed to carry out Jenner’s experiment?
George Pearson and William Woodville
Who were george pearson and william woodville?
two scientists who failed to carry out jenner’s experiment and when they failed their patient died
their equipment was contminated
when did parliament give jenner a grant and for how much?
£30,000 grant to set up clinic
£10,000 to research
which factors affected the discovery of the smallpox vaccine
individual genius (jenner)
govnment (grants from parliament)
when did louis pasteur publish his germ theory
1861
when was the first basic microscope invented?
1677
what was spontaneous generation?
the idea that microbes could appear as if by magic when something rotted (the disease casued the microbes)
who was the first to challenge spontaneous generation?
Friedrich Henle , he said microbes caused disease
what was specificity?
the idea that there were dif. types of bacteria
how was war a factor in the renaissance?
pare, guns meant new wounds
What was Nightingale’s background
Wealthy bg
Parents thought nursing innapropriate for a women of her class
Despite objections did 4 months training in Ger
What were Nightingale’s theories?
believed in miasma
disagreed with germ theory
hospitals should be clean + hygeinic
what changes did nightingale make to hospitals she worked at?
fresh air
clean sheets and floors
good food
trained nurses
plenty of light
privacy
what factors influenced nightingale?
-war- gov sent her to crimea, when she saw the situation it made her determined to improve the conditions
-she thought if she could improve the conditions there she could also improve the conditions in crimea she could do the same in england
-fought against conservative idea that women shouldn’t work
-religion- “god called her to help people”
consequences of nightingale?
consulted on hospital layouts
nursing became respected
established nurse training centre
first woman elected to royal statistical society
published over 30 books
“notes on nursing” was a best seller
improved hospital conditions
recieved order of merit
crimean soldier death rates from 40-2%
after nightingale improved conditions in the hospitals in the crimean war, how much did the death rate decrease?
40%-2%
How did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson eventually become a doctor?
worked as a surgical nurse
private education
passed an exam in society of apothecaries with the highest marks out of all the examinees, they promptly banned women
What did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson do?
-At her own practice she set up with an outpatient’s service for the poor, eventually becoming the New Hospital for Women and Children staffed entirely by women
-Learned french to get degree from paris university that accepted women
-Helped set up London School of Medicine for Women
How did Sophia Jex-Blake become a doctor?
Educated in private schools
Enrolled at Queen’s College
Father refused for her to work for money
Visited USA, tried to get into Harvard
Applied for Edinburgh Uni who said they couldn’t just let /her/ in, so she advertised for more students eventually the “edinburgh 7” were allowed in
When did Lister first test out his theories?
boy called jamie greenlees run over by cart
leg fractured
normally amputation would be done
lister set his leg and wrapped in carbolic acid soaked bandages
What was Lister’s method?
spray carbolic acid on surgeon’s hand, wounds, tools, soak bandages, ligatures and dressings
when was the first cholera epidemic and how many people did it kill?
1831
50,000 people
what are the symptoms of cholera?
violent sickness,painful diarrhoea,skin and nails turning black
Who published a report on living conditions and health of the poor in 1839?
Edwin Chadwick
what prompted the government to set up chadwick’s enquiry?
the 1837 and 1838 outbreaks of cholera
what were the main points of chadwick’s enquiry?
-disease caused by miasma
-bad air caused by filth. when these are improved death rate goes down
-people cannot develop clean habits until they have clean water
-more people are killed by filth than wars
-money would be saved if less parents died as rich ppl pay for orphans. healthier workforce, harder work
