Conflict and Tension Flashcards
1
Q
How many states were represented at the Paris Peace Conference?
A
32
2
Q
Who were the Big Three?
A
Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd-George and Woodrow Wilson
3
Q
What was the name of the islands that Finland and Sweden disputed?
A
the Åland islands
4
Q
What does LAMB stand for? (it helps to remember the ToV)
A
Land Army Money Blame
5
Q
Which area was on the border of Germany and Poland and held as a plebiscite in 1921?
A
Upper Silesia
6
Q
Which area was demilitarised?
A
the Rhineland
7
Q
Name 3 countries that didn’t (initially?) join the league
A
the USSR, the USA, Germany
8
Q
Which countries made up the Big Five?
A
Japan, Italy, France, Britain, the USA
9
Q
When was the pre-meeting for the PPC?
A
12th of Jan
10
Q
When was the PPC?
A
18th of Jan 1919
11
Q
The states represented at the PPC made up what percentage of the world’s population?
A
75%
12
Q
What were Wilson’s fourteen points?
A
- No secret treaties
- 3 access to sea even in war
3 trade (free) - colonies have a say in future
- work towards disarmament
- Germany leave Russia
- Belgium independence
- France regains Alsace-Lorraine
- Frontier between Italy and Austria
- East-Europe self-determination
- C access 4 serbia
- Turkish self-determination
- indepedant + C access for poland
- LoN
13
Q
What was Germany’s new name after the ToV?
A
The Weimar Republic
14
Q
What was the name of the rich farmland given to Poland?
A
Posen
15
Q
How many colonies did Germany lose?
A
All of them
16
Q
Which areas of Germany were given to belgium?
A
Eupen and Malmedy
17
Q
What was the name of the coalfields given to France?
A
the Saar coalfields
18
Q
What was the name of the area given to Denmark?
A
North Schleswig
19
Q
how many men was Germany’s army limited to?
A
Hundred Thousand Men. 100,000. Conscription banned
20
Q
Which article was the War Guilt clause?
A
Article 231
21
Q
How much money was Germany asked to pay for reparations?
A
6,600 million
22
Q
If the original ToV terms hadn’t been changed, when would Germany have finished paying off the reparations?
A
1984
23
Q
When was the exact figure of reparations decided?
A
1921
24
Q
How much land did Germany lose?
A
13%
25
Was Germany allowed representatives at Versailles?
No
26
Why did some of the Allies dislike the treaty (in general, not specific to countries)
They thought it would lead to war
27
What size air force was Germany allowed?
None
28
Why did some people dislike Germany's disarmament?
All countries were meant to disarm, not just them
29
Why did Germans dislike the loss of land?
It damaged their economy and their pride
30
Why was the war guilt clause important?
It meant the Allies could get reparations out of Germany, as they were responsible
31
What about the ToV made Lloyd-George happy?
Liked new allies against Ger,
+ as a counter-balance to FR.
Liked Anschluss, preferred Ger weaker
disarmament removed threat 2 Br's naval supremacy
Ger lost colonies's went 2 BR
32
What about the ToV made Lloyd-George unhappy?
Thought LoN wouldn't work
worried GB would have to have too big a role. Wanted /all/ Ger's colonies.
Thought " reparations->germany seek revenge/communism"
a weaker Ger can't pay
33
What about the ToV made Clemenceau happy?
Happy regain Alsace-Lorraine.
war guilt->Ger paid Fr
liked Anshcluss + other countries to side w/ Fr + encircle Ger
34
What about the ToV made Clemenceau unhappy?
Like Lloyd-George he didn't want to make an expensieve committment to the LoN, which he thought wouldn't work. Didn't like that the LoN got some the colonies instead of Fr or BR. wanted Ger to completely disarm
35
What about the ToV made Wilson happy?
Liked LoN
Liked self-detirmination
glad Poland gets land.
Didn't want Germany too powerful so liked disarmament.
36
What about the ToV made Wilson unhappy?
War guilt unfair.
Worried Germany's damaged economy meant they wouldn't buy US goods.
Wanted self-detimination for all colonies, not for Br and Fr to get them
37
What happened at Vilna?
A-H's countries now independant
Polish army took Lithuanian capital Vilna -mostly Polish ppl there
Poland asked to withdraw
Fr saw Poland as a potential ally+refused help.
GB wouldn't send troops w/o others' support
38
What happened at Corfu?
Greek-Albanian border not agreed
LoN sent an Italian, murdered while investigating Gr.
Mussolinni demanded v murderers pay but Gr didn't know who
Mussolini invaded greece
Greece complained to LoN
LoN condemned Mussolinni, said Greece would pay.
LoN would look after the money until killers found.
Mussolinni went 2 GB, FR +JPN, asked to undermine it .
Greece forced 2 apologize +pay .
Italy withdrew
39
What is diplomacy?
the skill of managing international relationships in a positive way
40
What did the Slavery Comission do?
raided Sierra Leone slave camps. set 200,000 free.
In '27 Sierra Leone declared it illegal
41
What was the WHO originally called?
The Health Committee
42
What was the Health Committee renamed to?
WHO
43
What did the Health Committee do?
international mosquito killing campaign
Worked with USSR's gov to educate on typhus spread
Sent docs to improve turkey's refugee camp conditions
44
What did the ILO stand for?
International Labour Organisation
45
What did the ILO do?
Tried to ban toxic Pb paint
social insurance 4 Greece
minimum wage 4 77 countries
Taganyika
46
What did the ILO do in Taganyika?
Reduce death rates in a railway construction from 50% to 4%
47
How many countries did the ILO help set up a minimum wage?
77
48
Which country did the ILO help set up social insurance, and when?
Greece, 1930
49
What was the aim of the Commission of Refugees?
Return POWs, support refugees in returning to their countries or finding new ones
50
What did the Commission of Refugees do?
Freed&returned 85% of WW1 POWs.
found homes for russian war refugees
docs to help refugees +find homes when Turkey+Greece fought.
Nissan Passport- international refugee identification document
51
What were the failures of the ILO?
Failed to ban child labour in 1919. "too costly!!"
An 8-hr-day limit was voted against in 1935
52
What were the failures of the Commission of Refugees?
Germany voted against helping Jewish refugees fleeing from Germany
53
What did the Commission of communications and transport aim to do?
regulate war-developed technology to keep people safe
54
what did the Commission of communications and transport do?
Introduced shipping laws + international highway code
55
What did the Permenant Central Opium Board do?
companies needed certificate to import opium as medicine
Blacklisted companies illegally distributing opium
56
What did the Permenant Central Opium Board aim to do?
stop opium farming
57
What did the Permenant Central Opium Board become?
Permenant Central Narcotics Board
58
What were the failures of the Permenant Central Opium Board?
some key members not committed-they got money from opium
59
What did the economic and financial committee do?
Sent financial experts to prevent A+H becoming bankrupt.
developed international import-export laws
60
what were the failures of the economic and financial committee?
couldn't cope w/ the great depression
61
Which committee dealt with diseases?
the Health Committee
62
which committee dealt with money and finances?
the economic and financial committee
63
which committee dealt with transport?
the communications and transport committee
64
which committee dealt with working conditions?
the international labour organisation (ILO)
65
which committee dealt with drugs, specifically opium?
Permenant Central Opium (later narcotics) Board
66
What happened with the Åland islands?
wanted by both Swe and Fin, who threatened war. LoN gave them to Finland, but forbade forts so they couldn't attack Sweden. Both were satisfied.
67
What happened with Upper Silesia?
Germans and Poles lived there
both wanted it for iron & steel production
68
What happened with Memel?
Lithuanian port given 2 tLoN in tToV.
For 3 yrs, a french governor controlled it until Lith invaded in '23
69
How did the League sort out the problem at Memel?
gave lithuania the area but made the port an international area
70
How did the League sort out the problem at Upper Silesia?
hosted a plebiscite
Ger got 60% the votes.
Poland got the smaller, industrial areas and 1/2 the population
neither liked it
71
What was the first thing agreed upon in the Paris Peace Conference?
the League
72
When was the Covenant of the League of Nations?
feb '19
73
What happened with Greece and Bulgaria?
Greek soldiers killed on Bulgaria's border
Greece invaded
Bulgaria appealed to tLoN
74
How did the League sort out the problem with Greece and Bulgaria?
Greece, condemned, ordered 2 withdraw and pay compensation.
They did even though Mussolini got away w/ Corfu
75
What was the name of the Italian investigator sent to Corfu?
Tellinni
76
What were the Locarno treaties?
where Germany "officially" accepted tToV.
All countries who signed agreed not to go 2 war w/ the others
help the others if invaded
77
Who signed the Locarno treaties?
Germany, Br+Fr, Czeckoslovakia, Belgium, Italy
78
Why were the Locarno treaties significant?
"signified end 2 Ger's resent 4 tToV" (signed voluntarily)
created without tLoN's help- supposed to be involved w/ these things
79
What was the Kellogg-Briand pact?
A pact where 65 countries agreed not to use war as a way to win disputes
80
What was the name of the treaty where Germany officially accepted the terms in Versailles?
The Locarno treaties
81
What was the Rapallo treaty?
Germany said it would return land took in Brest-Litvosk
82
What was the name of the treaty where 65 countries agreed not to use war as a way to solve disputes?
the Kellogg-Briand pact
83
Where were the Locarno treaties signed?
Switzerland
84
Where was the Rapallo treaty signed?
Italy
85
What was the Washington Arms Conference?
conference organised and held by USA
countries like Br,Fr+Jap
discussed how navies should be.
86
Why was the Washington Arms Conference significant?
Br,Fr+Jap didn't attend as League representatives
rather as individuals
it showed their attitudes+priorities.
87
What size navies did the Washington arms conference agree on?
Br+USA could have the same-sized navies
Jap could have 3 for every 5 tonnes of British battleship
88
Who were the diplomats who arranged the Locarno treaties?
Gustav Streseman (Germany) and Aristide Briand (france)
89
Which country was the treaty of Sevres about?
Turkey
90
Which country was the treaty of Lausanne about?
Turkey
91
What was the name of the post ww1 treaty centered around Turkey called?
(there were two- sevres was the first, lausanne the second, "fairer" one)
92
What was the name of the post ww1 treaty centered around Hungary called?
Trianon
93
How did the Great Depression affect politics?
desperation-> faschism
countries looked after themselves
neglected humanitarian affairs
Br+Fr didn't want to spend money on international disputes
94
How big was Turkey's army allowed to be after the treaty of Sevres?
50,000 men, no air force, 7 boats and 6 torpedos
95
How big was Turkey's army allowed to be after the treaty of Lausanne?
They were allowed to choose! (gasp) (i think)
96
What land did Turkey lose in the treaty of Sevres?
It lost land to Greece, Italy,Br+Fr and lost control of the Dardanelle Strait
97
What did did Turkey get back in the treaty of Lausanne?
Some land from Greece. Control of the Straits.
98
What was the impact of the other treaties?
Austria's industrial areas to Czeckoslovakia-> economy collapsed
Hungary's economy collapsed
new states were mixed nationalities, often clashing
East Europe now many small states, not large empire.
99
What was the impact of the treaty of Sevres?
people furious ->revolt against gov
next president threatened to fight the Allies over Sevres.
Britain didn't want to fight->agreed to rewrite
100
What was the signficance of Sevres?
proved the treaties unenforcable
Br agreed to rewrite it, accepting its unfairness, undermining other treaties.
Dicatators realised noone would stop them if they broke international law
101
How did the Great Depression affect the USA?
made unwilling to help w/ tLoN's economic sanctions
102
How did the Great Depression affect Japan?
main export silk to USA,
who now couldn't afford luxury goods
staple food, rice, imported due 2 lack of farmland.
Ieaders were army generals. decided to solve economic problems by invading other smaller countries
this led to the manchuian crisis
103
How did the Great Depression affect GB?
didn't want to help tLoN while its economy was suffering
didn't sanction Jap after the Manchurian Crisis
104
How did the Great Depression affect Italy?
Economic problems-> mussolinni distracted citizens by building an empire
caused Abyssinian Crisis
105
How did the Great Depression affect Germany?
America asked 4 its debts back.
Ger's leaders seemed powerless->Hitler elected.
106
What percentage of Japanese land is not suitable for human habitation?
3/4
107
By 1932, what was silk's price compared to in the early 20s?
a 1/5 of the price
108
Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
-rapidly growing population.
-economy suffering (GD)
-scared china would kick out j's economy
-upset USSR
-distract Japan
-generals didn't trust politicians to protect J after washington arms conference.
109
What was the name of the Japanese army based in Manchuria?
the Kwantung Army
110
When was the Lytton report published?
Oct '32
111
When did Japan announce they planned to invade more of China?
Feb 1933
112
When did Japan leave the LoN?
March '33
113
Why was the Manchurian Crisis significant?
it proved tLoN couldn't do anything when one of their own invaded another country
114
What was the Kwantung army?
A Japanese army based in China to "protect Japanese interests"
115
How did the Manchurian Crisis start?
The Kwantung army pretended China blew up a railway they were travelling on
116
When did Italy fail to invade Abyssinia?
1896
117
Why did Italy invade Abyssinia?
-1896 humiliation
-Mussolini thought he could get away w/ it
-Stresa front "guarunteed" Br+Fr wouldn't oppose italy
-Corfu proved League's weakness
118
When did the Abyssinian crisis start?
December 1934
119
What started the Abyssinian Crisis?
an "incident" between Abyssinian and Italian soldiers, likely faked
120
When did Mussolini launch an invasion of Abyssinia?
Oct '35
121
by what time had mussolini annexed all of Abyssinia and left the League?
1936
122
Why did the League allow Mussolini to get away with invading Abyssinia?
Stresa front
stop coal sales to italy->british workers lose jobs
too long debating
sanctions useless
123
When did Hitler move troops into the Rhineland?
March 1936
124
What was the Hoare-Laval pact?
a secret br+fr agreement to give Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia to call off the invasion
125
why was the Hoare-Laval pact significant?
it proved Br+Fr weren't committed 2 tLoN
126
What was the significance of the Suez Canal?
simple supply route from italy to abyssinia
127
Why did Britain refuse to close the Suez Canal?
they'd have to go round africa->br trade hindered
128
What were Hitler's four key aims?
Lebensraum,
Reamament,
Greater Germany,
Destroy Communism
(rabbits love digging gardens)
129
When did Germany leave the League?
1933
130
When did Hitler first try to take Austria?
1934
131
What happened when Hitler first tried to take Austria?
Mussolini wanted friendship w/ Austria-> threatened war
132
When did Hitler hold the first massive reamament rally in Germany?
1935
133
When did Hitler reintroduce conscription, make an anti-communist alliance with Japan and remilitarise the rhineland?
1936
134
What did Hitler do in 1936?
reintroduce conscription
formed anticommunist alliance w/ japan
remilitarise rhineland
135
what did Hitler do in 1934?
try to invade austria
136
what did Hitler do in 1933?
leave the League
137
When did Hitler try out Germany's new weapons in the Spanish Civil war and make an anti-communist alliance with Italy?
1937
138
What did Hitler do in 1937?
tried out Germany's new weapons in the Spanish Civil war and made an anti-communist alliance with Italy?
139
When did hitler invade austria?
1938
140
when did hitler invade the sudentenland?
1938
141
when did hitler take over czeckoslovakia?
1939
142
when did hitler invade poland?
1939
143
when did war break out?
1939
144
what is the traditional view of Hitler's actions?
planned war from the start
each step part of a careful plan
145
what is the revisionist view of Hitler's actions?
a gambler simply taking the next thing he thought he could get away w/.
br+allies are responsible- they didn't stop him
146
what did Hitler do in 1939?
invaded czeckoslovakia, then poland, which started the war
147
what was the secret pact between britain and france that said they would give 2/3 of Abyssinia so Mussolini would call off the invasion?
the Hoare-Laval pact
148
Who won the Saar plebiscite, and with what percentage?
Germany, 90%
149
Apart from challenging the ToV, why did hitler rearm germany?
Reduced unemployment
150
What was the Anglo-Naval agreement?
agreement stating Ger could have an army 35% Br's size
151
when was the anglo-naval agreement?
later 1935
152
What was the Dollfuss affair? (austria)
Dollfuss, head of Christian Social Party became Chancellor+started a dictatorship
Civil war developed.
Hitler considered invasion but deterred by Mussolini
153
What happened to Dollfuss?
assasinated by austrian nazis
154
Which party was Dollfuss head of, and what sort of views did they hold?
head of Christian Social Party.
nationalist, conservative views
155
When did the LoN hold a disarmament conference?
1932-1934
156
What did Hitler say at the disarmament conference?
he'd disarm if other countries did.
If they didn't, he wanted an army at least the size of Fr's.
Fr refused->he used the excuse to leave, claiming france was being unreasonable
157
What was the name of the "affair" when Hitler considered invading austria?
the Dollfuss Affair
158
When did Germany join and leave the LoN?
1926->1933
159
When did the USSR join and leave the League?
1934->1939
160
When did Japan join and leave the League?
1919-1933
161
When did Italy join and leave the league?
1919-1937
162
When did Italy join and leave the league?
1919-1937
163
When did Britain join and leave the League?
Joined at the start (1919), never left
164
When did France join and leave the League?
Joined at the start (1919), never left
165
What was the Secretariat?
A sort of civil service
kept meeting records
made reports 4 different agencies.
166
How often did the Assembly meet?
Once a year
167
How often did the Council meet?
5 times a yr
and in emergencies
168
What percentage of the votes did a decision have to recieve in the assembly for it to go forward?
100%
169
Which were the council's permament members?
the big five minus the usa,who weren't in the LON
170
how long were the council's temporary members elected for?
3-year periods
171
What was the Mandates commission?
made sure countries ruling Germany's former colonies for tLoN were acting in the interests of the its people
172
how many countries signed the kellogg-briand pact?
61
173
was bolivia in the LoN?
yes
