Head movement

Question 1

what is primary curvature of the vertebral column mean?

Answer 1

The curve moves in the same direction as the foetus curve (it concave anteriorly)

Question 2

What are the 2 primary curves ?

Answer 2

• thoracic

- sacral

Question 3

what is secondary curvature of the vertebral column mean?

Answer 3

The curve changes direction from when it was a foetus curve

Question 4

what are the 2 secondary curves?

Answer 4

• cervical

- lumbar

Question 5

What are the functions of the spine?

Answer 5

• support the weight of the head and trunk in the upright posture
• Protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves
• allow movements

Question 6

what forms the vertebral canal?

Answer 6

vertebral foramina comine to form the vertebral canal for the spinal cord

Question 7

what passes through the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 7

spinal nerves

Question 8

what is a facet joint?

Answer 8

Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae

Question 9

What happens when facet joints are affected by arthritis?

Answer 9

Pain signals transmitted via posterior rami

Question 10

what are the strong attachment between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 10

intervertebral discs

Question 11

where are intervertebral discs found?

Answer 11

Between all vertebrae except C1-C2 and the fused scrum and coccyx

Question 12

What is the outer fibrous ring of the invertebrate disc made from?

Answer 12

annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)

Question 13

what is the inner soft pulp of the invertebrate disc made from?

Answer 13

nucleus pulposus - mostly made of water

Question 14

what is a herniated (slipped) disc?

Answer 14

protrusion of nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrosis

Question 15

why does the herniated disc usually slip in the posterior direction?

Answer 15

the annulus fibrosis is thinnest posterolaterally

Question 16

what are the most commonly affected vertebrae in the cervical area?

Answer 16

C6 and C7 spinal nerves

Question 17

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament attachment?

Answer 17

attaches to anterior aspects of all vertebral bodies and invertebrate discs

Question 18

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament attachments?

Answer 18

attaches to posterior aspects of all vertebral bodies and inverteberal discs

Question 19

what does the ligament flavum attach to?

Answer 19

Connects to adjacent laminae

Question 20

what does the interspinous ligament connect to?

Answer 20

Connect superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

Question 21

what does the supraspinous ligament attach to?

Answer 21

Connect tips of spinous processes

Question 22

what does the C1 atlas not have?

Answer 22

• does not have a body or spinous process

- it has a posterior arch and an anterior arch instead

Question 23

How is the C2 axis different to other vertebrae?

Answer 23

• has a odontoid process

- projects superiorly from body

Question 24

what vertebrae has the most prominent spinous process?

Answer 24

C7

Question 25

what are the properties of the Atlanta-occipital joints?

Answer 25

-2 synovial joints
between the occipital condyles and the superior articular facets of the atlas
-the main movements at the joints are flexion & extension of the neck (“saying “yes”)
-also permit some rotatory movement (saying “no”)

Question 26

what are the properties of an Atlanto-axial joints?

Answer 26

• 3 synovial joints
• 2 between the inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior articular facets of the axis
• 1 between the anterior arch of the atlas and odontoid process of the axis
• main movements are rotations

Question 27

where does the nuchal ligament attach?

Answer 27

extends from supra spinous ligament and extends up into external ocipital protubernce and down to C7

Question 28

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament become when it passes C2?

Answer 28

anterior Atlanto- axial membrane

Question 29

what does the atlanto-axial membrane become when it passes the anterior arch of C1?

Answer 29

anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Question 30

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament become at the transverse ligament of atlas?

Answer 30

tectorial membrane

Question 31

what makes up the cruciate ligament?

Answer 31

• superior longitudinal band
• inferior longitudinal band
• transverse ligament of atlas

Question 32

what weakness capsule and ligaments?

Answer 32

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 33

what results from rheumatoid arthritis weakening the capsule and ligaments of craniotomy-vertebral joints?

Answer 33

• partial dislocation (subluxation)
• spinal cord theoretically at risk
• rheumatoid patients with neck involvement may have restricted ability to move their head during dental treatment