Body systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

Chemical >Cellular>Tissue>Organ>Body system

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2
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic structural and functional units of our body

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3
Q

Why do cells require energy?

A
  • to carry out the common metabolic processes that keep them all alive (e.g maintenance of internal cell pH for cell enzyme function)
  • to perform their specific functions (e.g cardiac muscle cell contraction to make the heart pump)
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4
Q

What is the ‘cellular currency” of energy?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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5
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A
  • muscle
  • epithelia
  • nerves
  • connective cells
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6
Q

What is an organ ?

A

Group of tissues acting together to perform a specific function(s)

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7
Q

How do systems work?

A

Collections of organs that have related functions and work together to carry out a common ‘goal’ and are essential for survival

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8
Q

Describe the gastrointestinal (GI) system?

A
  • The GI tract runs from mouth to anus
  • large molecules are digested into smaller molecules which can then be absorbed into the veins (and lymphatic vessels ) of the small intestine
  • The venous blood from the absorptive parts of the GI tract drains to the liver first
  • the liver is one of the associated organs of the GI tract that combine to make the GI system (the spleen and the pancreas included)
  • the liver stores some nutrients , makes other products from them, or returns them into the venous system
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9
Q

What does the liver do to venous blood?

A

Metabolise/detoxify potentially harmful substances absorbed from the GI tract putting (partially ) “cleaned” blood back into the blood

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10
Q

How are nutrients derived to the cells?

A

-absorbed nutrients first pass in the veins of the GI tract to the liver and then venous blood from liver drains back to the heart

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11
Q

What type of blood does the right and left side of the heart carry?

A

Right pump- deoxgenated blood

Left pump- oxygenated blood

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12
Q

How does blood circulate (through what vessels)?

A

Heart- artery - arteriole- capillaries-venue- vein - Heart

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13
Q

How do we get oxygen into the blood?

A
  • air travels down ‘respiratory tree’
  • surface of the very thin walled alveoli is covered with many thin walled capillaries and this allows oxygen to be transferred by diffusion into the blood
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14
Q

How is oxygen delivered to the cells?

A

The haematological system- Haemoglobin within red blood cells reversibly binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to all the capillary beds where it is released to the cells

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15
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

When fluid is squeezed out of the capillaries by blood pressure, the fluid that is not reabsorbed in the tissues is tissue fluid

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16
Q

What happens when tissue fluid is taken up by the lymphatic vessels?

A

Its called lymph

17
Q

What are the features of the thoracic duct?

A
  • major lymphatic vessel in the body

- returns lymph to large veins in the root of the neck

18
Q

What systems help the removal of waste and what do they remove?

A
  • respiratory system- removes CO2 quickly

- Renal system excretes acids more slowly

19
Q

What are the 2 by-products of ATP formation and what do they combine to form?

A
  • Carbon dioxide and water

- carbonic acid

20
Q

What forms can waste come in/

A
  • Cellular debris
  • Indigestible foodstuffs
  • GI tract bacteria,commensals and pathogens
  • Ingested drugs
  • foreign bodies
21
Q

what is the body’s first line of defence and why?

A

Our Skin (integument)

  • physical defence against trauma
  • waterproof barrier
  • helps to regulate body temp
  • to a degree protect us against UV radiation
22
Q

What is the difference clinically of normal lymph nodes and lymph nodes fighting infection?

A

Normal lymph nodes cannot be palpated but due to enlargement during infection, infected lymph can be palpated

23
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

-allow us to sense our environment and to effect an appropriate response

24
Q

What is the endocrine system and what does it do?

A
  • number of organs called endocrine glands

- secrete hormones directly into their capillary blood

25
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Regulate many crucial physiological processes

26
Q

What is closely linked to our nervous system and has a motor nerve supply to be able to contract?

A

Musculoskeletal system

27
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system do?

A
  • allows us to breath
  • provides locomotion
  • find and ingest food and water
  • move away from life threatening situations
28
Q

What is necessary for the survival of the species?

A

The reproductive system