HC 6: Evalutionary Approaches Flashcards
How do we go on testing the assumptions?
Evidence for hypotheses (e.g. certain
behaviour/cognition) has to be specific and
promoting survival/ reproductive success
Parental Investment
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Examples of both men and women in how leadership theories (such as Parental Investment, Sexual Selection, Costly signalling) are testable predictions.
This yields testable predictions in the domain of leadership such that :
1) men should be more motivated to obtain top-management positions, especially when the monetary and prestige benefits associated with these positions are substantial;
2) women should find male leaders more attractive as romantic partners, whereas the opposite is not necessarily true: women leaders do not attract more sexual interest from men;
Costly signalling
(Volgens Bart)
Mannen moeten bewijzen aan vrouwen dat ze loyaal zijn en niet vreemdgaan en dat soort dingen. Dat doen ze door middel van dure shit geven.
Morgaine: Ja?
Bart: Volgens mij wel
Ohlsen et al. (2013)
People follow gaze of dominant looking individuals more
when …
primed with danger
Ohlsen et al. (2013)
Explain why people follow gaze of dominant looking individuals more when primed with danger
> following other’s gaze can have benefits: for allocation of social effort, information about potential threats,
> gaze cueing paradigm- see a neutral face –either dominant or not dominant,
Anthropological Evidence (3) von Reuden & van Vugt (2015)
1) Physically formidable men hold high status positions in
hunter-gatherer societies
2) Prestige (competence) and age, prosociality, verbal skills, and sex are predictors of leadership emergence
3) Leaders in small scale societies tend to have more children
Followership evolved in response to coordination problems:
People are more likely to follow when? (3)
People are more likely to follow when:
1) under threat
2) during intergroup or intragroup conflict
3) during uncertainty
> Followership styles vary across contexts and personalities
Other reasons why people might choose to follow:
- costs associated with leadership competition,
- costs associated with leadership itself
- other cost-benefit related factors
The questions of why follow is pertinent
It seems unreasonable for and individual to give up part of personal freedom to follow someone else
EVOL is strongly follower centric- although the evidence is still sparse, and this topic remains understudies
some follow because they want to learn (apprentices), some because of devotion (fans), some are forced
Based on findings from modern small scale societies:
leadership in the ancestral time was flexible- dependent on the task and context (3)
1) War-peace differences in leader preferences
2) Stability-change differences in leader preferences
3) Cultural differences in leader preferences
Stability preference leader
stability- preferences for older experienced leaders- more experienced, larger social support from kin and social network
Change preference leader
change- when traditional knowledge becomes outdated preferences for younger leaders emerge
Authoritarian Leadership style preference
more authoritarian leadership styles and preferences found in areas with high pathogen loads, or intergroup conflict
Name 4 mismatches between ancestral and modern environments: Who is the leader?
1) People still show preferences for cues of physical
formidability in leaders
2) Emergence of leaders with “Dark Triad” characteristics
3) Selection process of modern leaders is “top-down”
4) Prejudice against female leadership
Name 3 mismatches between ancestral and modern environments: How effective is the leader?
1) Increased distance between leaders and followers (remote leadership)
2) Modern leaders (e.g., CEOs) are responsible for multiple
functions beyond their personal expertise
3) Modern leaders tend to have disproportionately higher
status and rewards
