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Microbiology Final > Handout 2 > Flashcards

Handout 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

does oxidation produce energy or require energy?

A

oxidation produces energy

reduction requires energy. the gain of electrons

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2
Q

what is another name for substrate level phosphorylation?

A

glycolysis

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3
Q

what is the net ATP production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation (glycolysis)?

A

2 ATP

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4
Q

2 NAD+ are reduced to what in glycolysis?

A

reduced to NADH

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5
Q

what is the hexose monophosphate shunt AKA?

A

the Pentose phosphate pathway! PPP!

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6
Q

does the PPP work with or without glycolysis?

A

SIMULTANEOUSLY!

it allows the breakdown of pentoses. 1 ATP/ cycle

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7
Q

what does the PPP make?

A

it makes important intermediate pentoses that will be used in the synthesis of nucleic acids, glucose from CO2 in photosynthesis and amino acids.
examples in crude Bacillus subitlis, E. Coli, Enteroccus faecalis.

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8
Q

what is the pathway that does not run with glycolysis??

A

Entner Doudruff. Etner is a hipster and works without glycolysis. Per glucose, Etner makes 2 NADPH and 1 ATP. He’s not incredibly effective.

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9
Q

what’s an example of an organism that uses Etner Doudrouff?

A

Pseudomonas!

“fake” aka hipster

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10
Q

products of the Krebs cycle?

A 
2 acetyl CoA
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP by substrate level
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11
Q

what drives the chemoosmotic generation of ATP

A

electrons- through the ETC
energy released when protons move along the gradient is used to make the ATP
34 molecules per glucose

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12
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

an inorganic substrate- other than oxygen. Usually Nitrate, sulfate and high energy end products are made.
AnEROBIC. INORGANIC.

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13
Q

what kind of molecule is used as the final electron acceptor in fermention?

A

organic!!!

think, fermentation like kombucha would be for the organic folks. makes very small amounts of ATP

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14
Q

What does fermentation supply for glycolysis?

A

NAD. small ATP yeiled

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15
Q

what can help with the ID of organisms?

A

look at the end products!

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16
Q

if the end product was lactic acid, what might be the organism?

A

lactic acid fermentation.

from streptococcus and lactobacillus.

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17
Q

2 molecules of pyruvic acid converted to two of acetaldehyde and two molecules of CO2. acetyl aldehyde then reduced to ethanol! example?

A

alcohol fermentation.

example is Saccharomyces!

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18
Q

what are heterolactic/heterofermentive organisms?

A

organisms that produce lactic acid as well as other acids or alcohols.

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19
Q

what are lipid oxidized to?

A

fatty acids and glycerol!

remember, it gives off energy in the process!

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20
Q

A. Detection of amino acid catabolizing enzymes involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation - example???

A

A. Detection of amino acid catabolizing enzymes involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation - Salmonella vs. E. coli – Salmonella produce hydrogen sulfide when they remove sulfur from amino acids

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21
Q

what kind of tubes could we use for the fermentation test?

A

DURHAM tubes! ID at species as well as strain level

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22
Q

what would the oxidase test tell us?

A

look at the ETC

oxidase test for confirmation. Neisseria Gonorrhaea is positive

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23
Q

autotrophs rely on what?

A

organic from CO2. they do not need organic carbon source

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24
Q

what is the energy source for Photoheterotrophs?

A

light is the source of energy, organic compounds, (alcohols, fatty acids,organic acids, and carobydrates) as carbon. green and purple non suffer bacteria

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25
Q

what are the most medically important microorganisms?

A

chemoheterotrophs!

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26
Q

amphibolic?

A

pathways that function in anabolism and catabolism

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27
Q

what is the study of occurrences, distribution, and the control of disease?

A

epidemiology

28
Q

percent or proportion of population infected at one pointt in time?

A

prevalence

29
Q

number of new cases over time, often per year. reported on a population basis. Often per 100,000 people?

A

incidence

30
Q

what happens to incidence and prevalence as people live longer?

A

the incidence (new cases) will decline, but of course the prevalence may go up because people are living longer

31
Q

number of deaths in a population?

A

mortality

32
Q

incidence of death in the population?

A

morbidity

33
Q

other disease in the same patient?

A

comorbidity

34
Q

always present in the population, low morbidity or death rate

A

endemic

35
Q

spread to multiple continents?

A

pandemic

36
Q

ability of an organism to cause disease. may be used to describe fatality?

A

virulence

37
Q

likelihood that infected person will have clinical symptoms?

A

pathogenicity

38
Q

number of exposed patients who become ill?

A

infectiousness

39
Q

who is the only reservoir for small pox and polio?

A

humans

40
Q

what are the hardest reservoirs to control?

A

disease with inanimate reservoir. animals are difficult but humans are the easiest with vaccinations.

41
Q

what period of the infectious disease has the most severe symptoms?

A

the period of illness.

42
Q

what is the period of convalescence?

A

back to heatlh

43
Q

do you have symptoms during goth incubation period?

A

no

44
Q

what is the period where symptoms first appear?

A

prodromal period

45
Q

a ____ is a person who is infected yet has no symptoms

A

carrier
HEP A is the big example.
Typhoid Mary also

46
Q

indirect host transmission?

A

need a vector. like west nile, Rocky mountains fever, Yersenia, Lyme

47
Q

____ epidemic shows a sudden increase in the number of cases?

A

common source.

48
Q

which is faster? common source epidemic or host to host?

A

common source.

host to host is slower because it has to spread from PERSON TO PERSON

49
Q

hospital based infections?

A

nosicomial

50
Q

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected?

A

commensalism

51
Q

one injured, other unaffected?

A

ammensalism

52
Q

a ___ pathogen is never flora

A

strict

53
Q

what organs should be free of microbes?

A

blood, brain, organs, bladder

54
Q

sebum

A

antimicrobial part of skin

acidic pH is antimicrobial

55
Q

defense of the skin?

A

physical barrier
sebum
acidic pH
flora

56
Q

closed sac of water/air surrounded by epithelium?

A

cyst

57
Q

cyst containing pus?

A

abscess

58
Q

chronic inflammatory lesion that is walled off, has capillaries, and inflammatory cells?

A

granuloma

59
Q

infection of the skin and connective tissue- swelling along the fascia- layers.

A

cellulitis

60
Q

what enzymes do the tears contain

A

lysozome

61
Q

trouble makers of eye?

A

conjunctivitis.

62
Q

what enzymes does the respiratory tract have?

A

lactoferrin, lysozome, sIgA

63
Q

what is the flora in the large intestine that can cause intra abdominal disease and UTIs?

A

E. COli

64
Q

what is the most common cause of anaerobic intra-abdominal dais?

A

bacteriodes fragilis

65
Q

pseudomembranous collitis?

A

C. Diff

66
Q

what causes bacterial meningitus?

A

neisseria menigitidis

and haemophilis influenza

Microbiology Final (20 decks)

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