H&N week 10- Pharynx & Soft palate. Flashcards
Label this diagram of the interior of the pharynx
Label this diagram of muscles related to the styloid process.
label this diagram of the muscles of the pharynx
Label this diagram of the soft palate
What is Waldeyer’s ring?
A ring of tonsil tissue lcoated around the opening of the airway. Thsi consists of the:
- Pharyngeal tonsils
- Tubal tonsils
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
Why is a tonsilectomy dangerous>
The tonsils are supplied by the tonsilar branch of the facial artery and can haemorrhage during surgery.
What is the palatoglossal fold?
A fold of mucosa found where the oral cavity becomes the oropharynx.
This fold is caused by the palatoglossus muscle.
Compare the hard palate and the bony palate
The bony palate = the bones
The hard palate = bony palate and the mucosa.
Where are the palatine tonsils found?
In the tonsilar fossa which is a recess between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds.
Where are the lingual tonsils found?
on the posterior of the tongue.
What is the vallecula?
A deep recess between the tongue and the epiglottis.
What is the Pryiform fossa and discuss its clinical relevance>
The pyriform fossa is a pear shaped fossa where it is very common for fish bones to get stuck.
What is the laryngopharynx and Where does it start and end?
This is the area where food goes.
Starts: Tip of the epiglottis
Ends- cricoid cartilage
What cell type lines the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium.
Discuss the epiglottis?
This is a leaf shaped elastic cartilage covered by mucosa.
It is found behind the tongue and moves inferiorly when swallowing to close the laryngeal inlet.
What is the palatopharyngeal fold?
A fold that goes backwards and downwards and contains the palato-pharyngeous muscle.
What is the palatopharyngeous muscle?
This is a muscle which helps bring the soft palate against the back wall of the pharynx when you swallow.
This improves the seal and stops fluid going into the airways.
this joins with the palatal aponeurosis and goes to the back wall of the pharynx.
Where does the oropharynx start?
At the edge of the soft palate.
discuss the nasopharynx?
This conducts air:
Starts- back edge of the nasal septum
Ends: edge of the soft palate.
What is the pharyngeal recess and what is theclinical relevance of it?
The pharyngeal recess (Fossa of rossenmueller) is a deep pocket of mucosa found behind the auditory tube.
Clinically-
If there is a nasoharynx malignancy in here it is very difficult to find and also remove (Internal carotid artery runs lateral to it)
What is the pharynx?
A passageway that conducts air and food.
What is the isthmus of the fauces?
This is the arch of the palatoglossus folds which food passes through to leave the oropharynx.
What is the auditory tube?
A bony canal that allows air to connect with the middle ear.
But this can allow infections of the ear in.
The medial end of the tube towards the nasopharynx is made of cartilage.
What are the Adenoids?
The pharyngeal tonsils which are found in the mucosa of the nasopharynx.
Discuss the tubular elevation?
A raised area surrounding the auditory tube which is caused by the cartilage under the muocsa at the end of the auditory tube.
It is also covered in tonsilar tissue (the tubal tonsils)
What is the stylopharyngeous muscle?
A muscle that comes from the styloid process and passes down between the middle and superior constrictors.
What supplies the stylopharyngeous muscle ?
The glossopharyngeal nerve.
Name the three main muscles that surround the pharynx?
The Superior constrictor
The Middle constrictor
The Inferior constrictor.
What is the Pterygomandibular raphe
A fibrous band between the pterygoid hamulus and the mandible
What supplies the constrictor muscles?
The vagus nerve.
What is the pharyngeal raphe?
A fibrous band of tissue where the Left and Right constrictor muscles meet.
This joins the 3 constrictor muscles together.
How do the 3 constrictor muscles overlap?
The inferior constrictor muscle overlaps the middle constrictor muscle which overlaps the superior muscle.
Discuss the levator Veli palatini?
This attaches to the upper aspect of the palatal aponeurosis and to the base of the skull to elevate the soft palate.
It is found behind the auditory tube and is supplied by the vagus nerve.
What is the function of the uvular muscles?
These shorten and widen the uvula.
What is the uvula?
A fleshy peice that hangs down on the back edge of the soft palate.
This improves the soft palate seal when you are swallowing.
What is the palatal aponeurosis
A sheath which gives the skeleton of the soft palate.
What is the tensor veli palatini?
A muscle that comes down from the base of the skull to tense the soft palate.
It is supplied by the mandibular division of the trigeminal.
Why do we need the auditory tube?
As the lining of the middle ear gradually resorbs air so we need to replace it.
Discuss the epithelium of the oropharynx?
This is a stratified squamous epithelium as it needs to withstand friction from food.
What provides sensory supply to the tongue?
Front 2/3 are supplied by the Mandibular division of trigeminal.
Back 1/3 is supplied by the Glossopharyngeal.
taste is supplied by the chordae tympani of the facial nerve.
Label this clinical image of the larynx.
Compare the folds of the larynx
We have the vocal folds- these adduct when you speak and are made of a thicker epithelium so appear white.
Vestibular folds (False folds)
Aryepiglotic folds- a fold of mucous membrane over the aryepiglotic muscle
Label this diagram of the front of the larynx
Discuss this structure
Arytenoid cartilage is a projection to which the vocal folds attach.
This allows the vocal folds to move.
Label this diagram of the larynx
Discuss the muscles that work between the arytenoid cartilage.
There muscles work to move the vocal folds (attached to the cartilage)
Inter-arytenoid muscles- Move the arytenoid cartilage together which adducts the vocal folds
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles- Move the artyenoid cartilage apart which. moves the folds apart
What happens if something touches the inside of the larynx?
Sensory supply to the larynx is caused by the vagus nerve.
The diaphragm increases the size of the thoracic cavity (you get a deep breath in)
The vocal folds adduct (meet in the midline and close the larynx)
The abdominal muscles contract & Diaphragm relaxes.
Vocal folds open
Air explodes up.
What is the ventricle of the larynx?
A recess between the vocal fold and vestibular fold which produces a mucous to make the folds more slippy .
