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Grade 9 Geography - Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

Who started the idea of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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2
Q

Pangaea?

A

a supercontinent 300 million years ago

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3
Q

what does Pangaea mean?

A

“all land”

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4
Q

What happened to Pangaea 200 million years later?

A

Pangaea began to break-up, the debris drifting to different directions

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5
Q

Why was Alfred Wegner’s hypothosis not accepted?

A

Because he couldn’t explain the force that moved the continents

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6
Q

What Canadian helped explain continental drift?

A

J. Tuzo Wilson

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7
Q

What theory was proposed in 1968?

A

The plate tectonic theory

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8
Q

How many plates is the world made up of?

A

about 20 plates

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9
Q

How many large plates is the world made up of?

A

about 7 plates

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10
Q

how did the continents move and float?

A

They floated on hot sediment

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11
Q

What caused the continents to move?

A

convection current

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12
Q

What were Alfred Wegener’s 4 proofs of continental drift?

A
  1. South America and Africa seemed to fit like jig saw puzzles
  2. Fossils of the same species were found in different continents
  3. different mountains seemed to have similar structure within different continents
  4. Ice plates covered South Africa, India, Australia.. which means these continents must of been under the equator at some point in time
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13
Q

What are the 2 causes of Tectonics?

A
  1. The actions within the earth

2. how the earth formed (Palegaea)

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14
Q

What are the 5 effects of Tectonics?

A
  1. mountain being created
  2. continent and island being created
  3. the formation and changes of the atmosphere
  4. disasters associated with land formation
  5. species evolution, changes, and adaptation
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15
Q

What are the 5 layers of the earth in order from outer to inner?

A
  1. Crust
  2. Asthenophere
  3. Mantle
  4. Outer Core
  5. Inner Core
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16
Q

Crust?

A

It’s a 5 to 80km layer that increases the temperature by 1 every 70m

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17
Q

Mantle?

A

It’s a circulation of melted rocks and pressured crystals that are between 1,000 and 2,000 degrees

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18
Q

Outer Core?

A

It’s where the magnetic flow lies in a temperature of 3,000 - 4,000 degrees

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19
Q

Inner Core?

A

It’s a dense solid of elements created by collisions and it’s the hottest layer

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of Tectonic Boundaries?

A
  1. Divergent
  2. Convergent
  3. Transform
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21
Q

Divergent?

A

When the plates move apart

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22
Q

Convergent?

A

When the plates move together

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23
Q

Transform?

A

When the plates rub together horizontally/vertically

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24
Q

What could be the 5 effects of a fault?

A
  1. Volcanic Eruption
  2. Earthquake
  3. Disasters
  4. Tsunami? (only in certain areas)
  5. Growing Mountains/ change of landscape
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25
What are Faults caused by?
Continental Drifts
26
What are continental drifts caused by?
The rising magma/heat in the mantle
27
In which boundary does lava flow?
Divergent
28
What is the most dangerous boundary?
Convergent
29
What are the 6 things divergent plates release?
1. Pressure 2. Gas 3. Energy 4. Lava 5. Rocks 6. Minerals
30
What does major Convergent's usually cause?
"bombs" or major Earthquakes
31
What does transformations create?
hills
32
What's the Major transformation fault caused in California?
The San Arduous Fault
33
Which area of the world contains the most tectonic build up?
The Pacific Ring of Fire
34
Where is the Hot Spot with in the Pacific Ring of Fire?
Hawaii
35
How tall must a hill be for it to be considered a mountain?
more than 2,000 metres
36
What are the 2 types of Faults?
1. Normal Fault | 2. Thrust Fault
37
How many Earthquakes appear in Canada per year?
About 4,000
38
Where is the transform plate in America?
to the west right at the border that separates Canada and the U.S
39
At what magnitude are we unable to feel an earthquake?
1 to 1.9
40
At what magnitude can we start to feel an earthquake?
2 and above
41
How many levels above is magnitude 2 to 3?
10
42
At what magnitude may we only feel a P-wave?
1 to 4.5
43
What's the lowest magnitude to maybe cause injury?
3
44
P-Wave?
Also known as primary wave, it's when the ground shakes back and forth rapidly
45
S-Wave?
Also known as secondary wave, it's when the ground lifts up and down rapidly
46
Which type of wave is more dangerous?
S-wave
47
At what magnitude might an S-wave occur?
5 to 10
48
Epicentre?
The type of fault released
49
Seismic Wave?
An energy wave that causes shaking about 200km away from the epicentre
50
How long do we have to get to a safe position during a p-wave?
5 to 15sec
51
How long does an s-wave occur?
10 to 200 secs
52
Seismic Gap Theory?
The theory that a big earthquake will occur along a fault line in a gap between high freqency clusters of smaller earthquake
53
How many different types of volcano's are there?
6
54
What are the 6 types of volcano's?
1. shield Volcano 2. Dome 3. Composit Cone 4. Lava Plateau/sill 5. Cinder Cone 6. Caldera
55
Shield Volcano?
It's a diverging volcano with a low hotspot and many lava layers
56
Dome Volcano?
It's a tall diverging volcano that has lava that contains silica with a deep hotspot
57
Composit Cone Volcano?
It's a converging volcano that contains multiple mini paths that help release the pressure
58
Lava Plateau/Sill Volcano?
It's a hotspot that is trapped under flat crust
59
Cinder Cone Volcano?
It's a converging volcano that contains a lot of ash
60
When does the Cinder Cone Volcano erupt?
every 200 to 1,000 years
61
Caldera Volcano?
It's a diverging volcano that contains the biggest vent but also contain a huge rock cap over top of opening
62
When does the Caldera Volcano erupt?
Every 10,000 to 1 million years
63
How long ago did the :Yellow Stone Volcano Erupt?
640,000 years ago
64
What are the 4 gases that volcano's release
1. Acid Particles/acid rain 2. Water vapour 3. Carbon Dioxide 4. Sulfur Dioxide
65
What are the 3 types of matter that volcano's release?
1. Ash 2. Rock debris 3. lava Flow
66
How many eruptions can a volcano have?
1 to 5
67
How many types of acids are in Volcano's?
5

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