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IELTS diffrent topics > Governoments > Flashcards

Governoments Flashcards

1
Q

Monarchy

A

Monarchy - حکومت پادشاهی، a system of government where a king or queen is the head of state. (اسم)

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2
Q

Dictatorship

A

Dictatorship - دیکتاتوری، a government where one person has absolute power. (اسم)

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3
Q

Oligarchy

A

Oligarchy - اولیگارشی، a government where power is held by a small group of people. (اسم)

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4
Q

Theocracy

A

Theocracy - حکومت دینی، a system of government where religious leaders control the state. (اسم)

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5
Q

Totalitarian regime

A

Totalitarian regime - رژیم تمامیت‌خواه، a government that seeks to control all aspects of public and private life. (اسم)

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6
Q

Authoritarian state

A

Authoritarian state - دولت استبدادی، a government that concentrates power in a single leader or a small group. (اسم)

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7
Q

Constitutional monarchy

A

Constitutional monarchy - پادشاهی مشروطه، a monarchy where the king or queen’s powers are limited by a constitution. (اسم)

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8
Q

Parliamentary system

A

Parliamentary system - سیستم پارلمانی، a government where the executive derives its legitimacy from the legislature. (اسم)

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9
Q

Presidential system

A

Presidential system - سیستم ریاست جمهوری، a government where the president is the head of state and government. (اسم)

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10
Q

Federal government

A

Federal government - حکومت فدرال، a system where power is divided between a central government and states or provinces. (اسم)

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11
Q

Unitary government

A

Unitary government - حکومت واحد، a government where all power is held by a central authority. (اسم)

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12
Q

Coalition government

A

Coalition government - دولت ائتلافی، a government formed by multiple political parties. (اسم)

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13
Q

Military dictatorship

A

Military dictatorship - دیکتاتوری نظامی، a government controlled by the military. (اسم)

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14
Q

Communist state

A

Communist state - دولت کمونیستی، a state governed by the principles of communism, with state control over resources. (اسم)

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15
Q

Socialist government

A

Socialist government - حکومت سوسیالیستی، a government where the state controls key industries and services. (اسم)

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16
Q

Fascist regime

A

Fascist regime - رژیم فاشیستی، an authoritarian and nationalistic government, often led by a dictator. (اسم)

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17
Q

Civil government

A

Civil government - دولت مدنی، a government run by civilians, not the military. (اسم)

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18
Q

Devolved government

A

Devolved government - دولت تفویض شده، a government where powers are transferred from a central government to regional authorities. (اسم)

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19
Q

Local government

A

Local government - دولت محلی، a government responsible for local administrative functions. (اسم)

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20
Q

Central government

A

Central government - دولت مرکزی، a national government that controls the entire country. (اسم)

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21
Q

Parliament

A

Parliament - پارلمان، the legislative body of government, elected to make laws. (اسم)

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22
Q

Congress

A

Congress - کنگره، a legislative body, especially in a republic like the United States. (اسم)

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23
Q

Legislature

A

Legislature - مجلس، a governmental body responsible for creating and passing laws. (اسم)

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24
Q

Senate

A

Senate - سنا، a legislative chamber in some countries, often with members representing regions or states. (اسم)

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25
Q

House of Representatives

A

House of Representatives - مجلس نمایندگان، the lower house of a legislative body, representing people directly. (اسم)

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26
Q

Cabinet

A

Cabinet - کابینه، a group of senior government ministers responsible for executive functions. (اسم)

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27
Q

Prime Minister’s office

A

Prime Minister’s office - دفتر نخست‌وزیر، the administrative office of the head of government. (اسم)

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28
Q

Head of state

A

Head of state - رئیس دولت، the official representative of a country, often a monarch or president. (اسم)

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29
Q

Head of government

A

Head of government - رئیس دولت، the individual responsible for running the government, often a prime minister or president. (اسم)

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30
Q

Supreme Court

A

Supreme Court - دیوان عالی، the highest court in a country that oversees the judiciary. (اسم)

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31
Q

Judiciary

A

Judiciary - قوه قضائیه، the system of courts responsible for interpreting laws. (اسم)

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32
Q

Executive branch

A

Executive branch - قوه مجریه، the part of government responsible for implementing laws and policies. (اسم)

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33
Q

Legislative branch

A

Legislative branch - قوه مقننه، the part of government that makes laws. (اسم)

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34
Q

Judicial branch

A

Judicial branch - قوه قضائیه، the branch of government that interprets and applies the law. (اسم)

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35
Q

Public sector

A

Public sector - بخش دولتی، the part of the economy controlled by the government. (اسم)

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36
Q

Ministry

A

Ministry - وزارتخانه، a government department responsible for a specific area of policy. (اسم)

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37
Q

State agency

A

State agency - آژانس دولتی، a government organization responsible for specific functions. (اسم)

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38
Q

Local council

A

Local council - شورای محلی، a local government body responsible for managing public affairs at the community level. (اسم)

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39
Q

Election commission

A

Election commission - کمیسیون انتخابات، a body responsible for overseeing elections and ensuring fairness. (اسم)

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40
Q

Public administration

A

Public administration - مدیریت دولتی، the implementation and management of public policies and services. (اسم)

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41
Q

Government officials

A

Government officials - مقامات دولتی، individuals holding positions of authority in government. (اسم)

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42
Q

Civil service

A

Civil service - خدمات مدنی، non-political, permanent staff working for the government. (اسم)

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43
Q

Politicians

A

Politicians - سیاستمداران، individuals involved in the political process and government administration. (اسم)

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44
Q

Government spokesperson

A

Government spokesperson - سخنگوی دولت، a person who communicates on behalf of the government. (اسم)

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45
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Bureaucracy - بوروکراسی، a complex system of administration and rules within a government or organization. (اسم)

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46
Q

Regulatory body

A

Regulatory body - نهاد نظارتی، an organization responsible for regulating specific industries or areas. (اسم)

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47
Q

Policy-making

A

Policy-making - سیاست‌گذاری، the process of creating and deciding on policies and strategies. (اسم)

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48
Q

Legislation

A

Legislation - قانون‌گذاری، the process of making or enacting laws. (اسم)

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49
Q

Law enforcement

A

Law enforcement - اجرای قانون، the activities of police or authorities in ensuring laws are followed. (اسم)

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50
Q

Public policy

A

Public policy - سیاست عمومی، government actions and decisions designed to address societal issues. (اسم)

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51
Q

Social welfare programs

A

Social welfare programs - برنامه‌های رفاه اجتماعی، government initiatives aimed at improving the well-being of citizens. (اسم)

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52
Q

Economic reforms

A

Economic reforms - اصلاحات اقتصادی، changes made to improve the economy, often involving policy changes. (اسم)

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53
Q

Taxation policies

A

Taxation policies - سیاست‌های مالیاتی، government strategies on how taxes are levied and collected. (اسم)

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54
Q

Foreign policy

A

Foreign policy - سیاست خارجی، strategies and decisions related to international relations. (اسم)

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55
Q

Environmental policy

A

Environmental policy - سیاست محیط زیستی، actions and laws designed to protect the environment. (اسم)

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56
Q

Healthcare policy

A

Healthcare policy - سیاست بهداشت و درمان، decisions and plans for managing public health systems. (اسم)

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57
Q

Education policy

A

Education policy - سیاست آموزشی، decisions regarding the structure and quality of education systems. (اسم)

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58
Q

Defense policy

A

Defense policy - سیاست دفاعی، strategies and measures to protect national security. (اسم)

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59
Q

Immigration policy

A

Immigration policy - سیاست مهاجرت، laws and rules governing immigration and border control. (اسم)

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60
Q

Monetary policy

A

Monetary policy - سیاست پولی، policies governing the supply of money and interest rates. (اسم)

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61
Q

Fiscal policy

A

Fiscal policy - سیاست مالی، government strategies regarding taxation, spending, and borrowing. (اسم)

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62
Q

Government spending

A

Government spending - هزینه‌های دولتی، money spent by the government for public services and operations. (اسم)

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63
Q

Subsidies

A

Subsidies - یارانه‌ها، financial assistance provided by the government to support specific sectors. (اسم)

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64
Q

Regulation

A

Regulation - مقررات، rules and guidelines that govern how industries or organizations operate. (اسم)

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65
Q

Deregulation

A

Deregulation - آزادسازی، the reduction or removal of government controls over industry. (اسم)

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66
Q

Privatization

A

Privatization - خصوصی‌سازی، the transfer of ownership of industries or services from the government to private sector. (اسم)

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67
Q

Nationalization

A

Nationalization - ملی‌سازی، the process of bringing industries or resources under government control. (اسم)

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68
Q

Public-private partnerships

A

Public-private partnerships - شراکت‌های دولتی-خصوصی، collaborations between government and private companies to deliver public services. (اسم)

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69
Q

State intervention

A

State intervention - مداخله دولت، government involvement in economic or social matters. (اسم)

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70
Q

Public service delivery

A

Public service delivery - ارائه خدمات عمومی، the provision of essential services to the public by the government. (اسم)

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71
Q

Administrative reforms

A

Administrative reforms - اصلاحات اداری، changes in government structures and procedures to improve efficiency. (اسم)

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72
Q

Social justice initiatives

A

Social justice initiatives - ابتکارات عدالت اجتماعی، programs aimed at promoting fairness and equality in society. (اسم)

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73
Q

Civil rights

A

Civil rights - حقوق مدنی، the rights that protect individuals’ freedom and equality under the law. (اسم)

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74
Q

Human rights

A

Human rights - حقوق بشر، the basic rights and freedoms that all people are entitled to. (اسم)

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75
Q

Rule of law

A

Rule of law - حاکمیت قانون، the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law. (اسم)

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76
Q

Separation of powers

A

Separation of powers - تفکیک قوا، the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power. (اسم)

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77
Q

Checks and balances

A

Checks and balances - سیستم نظارت و تعادل، a system where different branches of government have powers that limit each other. (اسم)

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78
Q

Constitutional rights

A

Constitutional rights - حقوق قانون اساسی، rights granted and protected by a country’s constitution. (اسم)

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79
Q

Freedom of speech

A

Freedom of speech - آزادی بیان، the right to express opinions without censorship or restraint. (اسم)

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80
Q

Freedom of assembly

A

Freedom of assembly - آزادی تجمع، the right to hold public meetings and form associations without interference by the government. (اسم)

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81
Q

Universal suffrage

A

Universal suffrage - حق رای عمومی، the right of all adults to vote, regardless of gender, race, or social status. (اسم)

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82
Q

Electoral system

A

Electoral system - سیستم انتخاباتی، the method by which votes are cast and counted to elect representatives. (اسم)

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83
Q

Majority vote

A

Majority vote - رای اکثریت، a voting system where the candidate or option with the most votes wins. (اسم)

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84
Q

Minority rights

A

Minority rights - حقوق اقلیت‌ها، the rights of smaller or less powerful groups to be protected from the tyranny of the majority. (اسم)

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85
Q

Political corruption

A

Political corruption - فساد سیاسی، the abuse of power by government officials for personal gain. (اسم)

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86
Q

Political freedom

A

Political freedom - آزادی سیاسی، the right to participate in the political process without oppression or undue restriction. (اسم)

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87
Q

Political party

A

Political party - حزب سیاسی، an organized group of people with shared political beliefs who seek to influence government policy. (اسم)

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88
Q

Campaign financing

A

Campaign financing - تأمین مالی کمپین، the funding of election campaigns, often through donations or fundraising. (اسم)

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89
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Gerrymandering - تقسیمات انتخاباتی غیرمنصفانه، the manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor a particular party or group. (اسم)

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90
Q

Voter turnout

A

Voter turnout - مشارکت رای‌دهندگان، the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. (اسم)

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91
Q

Public opinion

A

Public opinion - افکار عمومی، the collective opinions or beliefs of the people on a particular issue or topic. (اسم)

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92
Q

Referendum

A

Referendum - رفراندوم، a direct vote by the people on a specific issue or policy. (اسم)

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93
Q

Plebiscite

A

Plebiscite - نظرخواهی عمومی، a type of referendum in which voters approve or reject a proposal. (اسم)

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94
Q

Impeachment

A

Impeachment - استیضاح، the process of removing a government official from office due to misconduct. (اسم)

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95
Q

Lobbying

A

Lobbying - لابی‌گری، the act of influencing government decision-makers on behalf of specific interests or groups. (اسم)

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96
Q

Protest movement

A

Protest movement - جنبش اعتراضی، a collective action to express opposition to government policies or actions. (اسم)

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97
Q

Activism

A

Activism - فعال‌گرایی، the act of campaigning for political or social change. (اسم)

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98
Q

Civil disobedience

A

Civil disobedience - نافرمانی مدنی، the active refusal to comply with certain laws, demands, or commands as a form of protest. (اسم)

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99
Q

Constitutional amendments

A

Constitutional amendments - اصلاحات قانون اساسی، formal changes or additions to a country’s constitution. (اسم)

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100
Q

Democratic values

A

Democratic values - ارزش‌های دموکراتیک، the principles that support democracy, such as fairness, equality, and participation. (اسم)

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101
Q

Prime Minister

A

Prime Minister - نخست‌وزیر، the head of government in a parliamentary system. (اسم)

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102
Q

President

A

President - رئیس‌جمهور، the head of state and often the head of government in a republic. (اسم)

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103
Q

King/Queen

A

King/Queen - پادشاه/ملکه، the male or female monarch of a country. (اسم)

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104
Q

Monarch

A

Monarch - پادشاه، the supreme ruler or sovereign of a state, typically in a monarchy. (اسم)

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105
Q

Minister

A

Minister - وزیر، a government official responsible for a specific area or department. (اسم)

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106
Q

Senator

A

Senator - سناتور، a member of the Senate, often elected to represent a region or state. (اسم)

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107
Q

Member of Parliament (MP)

A

Member of Parliament (MP) - نماینده مجلس، an elected member of the legislative body in a parliamentary system. (اسم)

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108
Q

Governor

A

Governor - فرماندار، the head of a regional government, such as a state or province. (اسم)

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109
Q

Mayor

A

Mayor - شهردار، the elected head of a city, town, or municipality. (اسم)

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110
Q

Ambassador

A

Ambassador - سفیر، a high-ranking diplomat representing a country in another state. (اسم)

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111
Q

Diplomat

A

Diplomat - دیپلمات، an official representing a country abroad and managing international relations. (اسم)

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112
Q

Public servant

A

Public servant - خدمتگزار عمومی، an individual employed by the government to serve the public. (اسم)

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113
Q

Civil servant

A

Civil servant - کارمند دولتی، a government employee who works in a non-political, permanent capacity. (اسم)

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114
Q

Politician

A

Politician - سیاستمدار، an individual engaged in political activities, often elected to office. (اسم)

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115
Q

Opposition leader

A

Opposition leader - رهبر مخالفان، the leader of the political party or group that opposes the ruling government. (اسم)

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116
Q

Cabinet member

A

Cabinet member - عضو کابینه، a senior official in the executive branch of government. (اسم)

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117
Q

Chancellor

A

Chancellor - صدراعظم، the head of government in some parliamentary systems, often in Germany. (اسم)

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118
Q

Secretary of State

A

Secretary of State - وزیر امور خارجه، the head of the department responsible for a country’s foreign affairs. (اسم)

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119
Q

Foreign Minister

A

Foreign Minister - وزیر امور خارجه، the government official in charge of foreign relations. (اسم)

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120
Q

Interior Minister

A

Interior Minister - وزیر کشور، the government official responsible for domestic affairs and law enforcement. (اسم)

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121
Q

Defense Minister

A

Defense Minister - وزیر دفاع، the government official in charge of the nation’s defense policy and military. (اسم)

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122
Q

Treasury Secretary

A

Treasury Secretary - وزیر خزانه‌داری، the government official responsible for financial and monetary matters. (اسم)

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123
Q

Attorney General

A

Attorney General - دادستان کل، the chief legal officer of a country or state. (اسم)

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124
Q

Speaker of the House

A

Speaker of the House - سخنگوی مجلس، the presiding officer of the lower house of a legislative body. (اسم)

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125
Q

Public funds

A

Public funds - بودجه عمومی، money collected by the government to finance public services. (اسم)

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126
Q

Government budget

A

Government budget - بودجه دولت، the financial plan that outlines government spending and revenue. (اسم)

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127
Q

Tax revenue

A

Tax revenue - درآمد مالیاتی، income generated from taxes collected by the government. (اسم)

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128
Q

Expenditure

A

Expenditure - هزینه، the total amount spent by the government or an organization. (اسم)

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129
Q

Taxation

A

Taxation - مالیات‌گیری، the process of collecting taxes from individuals or businesses. (اسم)

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130
Q

Government debt

A

Government debt - بدهی دولتی، the total amount of money the government owes to external or internal creditors. (اسم)

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131
Q

Deficit spending

A

Deficit spending - هزینه‌کرد کسری، government spending that exceeds its revenue, often leading to debt. (اسم)

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132
Q

Public debt

A

Public debt - بدهی عمومی، the total debt owed by the government to its creditors. (اسم)

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133
Q

Economic stimulus

A

Economic stimulus - محرک اقتصادی، government actions to encourage economic growth, often during a recession. (اسم)

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134
Q

Aid packages

A

Aid packages - بسته‌های کمک، financial or material assistance provided by a government or organization. (اسم)

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135
Q

Welfare benefits

A

Welfare benefits - مزایای رفاهی، government-provided financial aid to individuals in need. (اسم)

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136
Q

Unemployment benefits

A

Unemployment benefits - مزایای بیکاری، financial assistance provided to individuals who are unemployed. (اسم)

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137
Q

Social security

A

Social security - تأمین اجتماعی، a system that provides financial support to people during retirement, disability, or unemployment. (اسم)

138
Q

Pension system

A

Pension system - سیستم بازنشستگی، a government program that provides financial assistance to individuals after they retire. (اسم)

139
Q

Healthcare funding

A

Healthcare funding - تأمین مالی بهداشت و درمان، financial resources allocated for healthcare services. (اسم)

140
Q

Education funding

A

Education funding - تأمین مالی آموزش، financial resources provided for educational institutions and programs. (اسم)

141
Q

Infrastructure investment

A

Infrastructure investment - سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌ها، funding for physical structures like roads, bridges, and utilities. (اسم)

142
Q

Financial aid

A

Financial aid - کمک مالی، money provided to individuals or organizations to support specific needs. (اسم)

143
Q

International aid

A

International aid - کمک‌های بین‌المللی، assistance given by one country or international organization to another. (اسم)

144
Q

Development funds

A

Development funds - وجوه توسعه، financial resources allocated for economic and social development projects. (اسم)

145
Q

Foreign relations

A

Foreign relations - روابط خارجی، the way a country interacts with other nations. (اسم)

146
Q

International treaties

A

International treaties - معاهدات بین‌المللی، formal agreements between countries. (اسم)

147
Q

Bilateral agreements

A

Bilateral agreements - توافق‌نامه‌های دوجانبه، agreements between two countries. (اسم)

148
Q

Multilateral diplomacy

A

Multilateral diplomacy - دیپلماسی چندجانبه، negotiations and discussions involving multiple countries. (اسم)

149
Q

Peace talks

A

Peace talks - مذاکرات صلح، discussions aimed at resolving conflicts and establishing peace. (اسم)

150
Q

Diplomatic immunity

A

Diplomatic immunity - مصونیت دیپلماتیک، legal protection for diplomats from prosecution in the host country. (اسم)

151
Q

United Nations (UN)

A

United Nations (UN) - سازمان ملل متحد، an international organization formed to promote peace, security, and cooperation. (اسم)

152
Q

World Trade Organization (WTO)

A

World Trade Organization (WTO) - سازمان جهانی تجارت، an international organization that regulates trade between nations. (اسم)

153
Q

International sanctions

A

International sanctions - تحریم‌های بین‌المللی، penalties imposed on a country to encourage compliance with international law. (اسم)

154
Q

Embassy

A

Embassy - سفارتخانه، a diplomatic mission representing a country in another nation. (اسم)

155
Q

Consulate

A

Consulate - کنسولگری، a government office established in a foreign country to assist citizens and represent interests. (اسم)

156
Q

Diplomatic relations

A

Diplomatic relations - روابط دیپلماتیک، the interactions and communications between countries. (اسم)

157
Q

International cooperation

A

International cooperation - همکاری بین‌المللی، joint efforts by countries to address global issues. (اسم)

158
Q

Trade negotiations

A

Trade negotiations - مذاکرات تجاری، discussions between countries to agree on trade terms and conditions. (اسم)

159
Q

Foreign exchange policy

A

Foreign exchange policy - سیاست ارزی، a country’s approach to managing its currency and foreign exchange market. (اسم)

160
Q

Cultural diplomacy

A

Cultural diplomacy - دیپلماسی فرهنگی، using cultural exchange to foster international relations and understanding. (اسم)

161
Q

Peacekeeping mission

A

Peacekeeping mission - مأموریت حفظ صلح، an operation led by international forces to maintain peace in conflict zones. (اسم)

162
Q

Conflict resolution

A

Conflict resolution - حل و فصل درگیری، processes used to resolve disputes peacefully. (اسم)

163
Q

Global governance

A

Global governance - حکمرانی جهانی، the management of global affairs by international organizations and institutions. (اسم)

164
Q

Humanitarian aid

A

Humanitarian aid - کمک‌های بشردوستانه، assistance provided to relieve human suffering, especially in emergencies. (اسم)

165
Q

Peacebuilding

A

Peacebuilding - ساخت صلح، efforts to establish lasting peace in post-conflict regions. (اسم)

166
Q

Public welfare

A

Public welfare - رفاه عمومی، government programs designed to improve the well-being of citizens. (اسم)

167
Q

Social equity

A

Social equity - برابری اجتماعی، fairness and justice in the distribution of resources and opportunities. (اسم)

168
Q

Income inequality

A

Income inequality - نابرابری درآمد، the unequal distribution of income among individuals or groups in society. (اسم)

169
Q

Public healthcare

A

Public healthcare - خدمات بهداشت عمومی، healthcare services provided and funded by the government. (اسم)

170
Q

Public education

A

Public education - آموزش عمومی، schooling provided by the government to all children. (اسم)

171
Q

Universal healthcare

A

Universal healthcare - مراقبت‌های بهداشتی همگانی، a healthcare system that provides health services to all citizens. (اسم)

172
Q

Affordable housing

A

Affordable housing - مسکن مقرون به صرفه، housing that is reasonably priced for low-income individuals or families. (اسم)

173
Q

Urban development

A

Urban development - توسعه شهری، the planning and construction of infrastructure and housing in cities. (اسم)

174
Q

Infrastructure development

A

Infrastructure development - توسعه زیرساخت‌ها، the creation and improvement of public infrastructure like roads, bridges, and utilities. (اسم)

175
Q

Public transportation

A

Public transportation - حمل و نقل عمومی، transportation services that are available to the general public, typically run by the government. (اسم)

176
Q

Access to clean water

A

Access to clean water - دسترسی به آب پاک، the availability of safe and clean drinking water for the population. (اسم)

177
Q

Sanitation services

A

Sanitation services - خدمات بهداشت عمومی، services provided to manage waste and ensure cleanliness. (اسم)

178
Q

Law and order

A

Law and order - نظم و قانون، the maintenance of social order through the enforcement of laws. (اسم)

179
Q

Social justice

A

Social justice - عدالت اجتماعی، the pursuit of fairness and equality in society. (اسم)

180
Q

Environmental protection

A

Environmental protection - حفاظت از محیط زیست، efforts to preserve and protect the natural environment. (اسم)

181
Q

Crime prevention

A

Crime prevention - پیشگیری از جرم، strategies and measures to reduce criminal activity. (اسم)

182
Q

Youth programs

A

Youth programs - برنامه‌های جوانان، initiatives designed to support and engage young people. (اسم)

183
Q

Elderly care services

A

Elderly care services - خدمات مراقبت از سالمندان، support and care services for older adults. (اسم)

184
Q

Disabled services

A

Disabled services - خدمات معلولین، programs and services designed to support individuals with disabilities. (اسم)

185
Q

Women’s rights

A

Women’s rights - حقوق زنان، the rights and freedoms entitled to women, including equality and protection. (اسم)

186
Q

Anti-discrimination laws

A

Anti-discrimination laws - قوانین ضد تبعیض، laws aimed at preventing discrimination based on race, gender, or other factors. (اسم)

187
Q

General election

A

General election - انتخابات عمومی، a nationwide vote to choose representatives or leaders. (اسم)

188
Q

Presidential election

A

Presidential election - انتخابات ریاست جمهوری، an election to select the president of a country. (اسم)

189
Q

Local elections

A

Local elections - انتخابات محلی، elections held to choose local government officials or representatives. (اسم)

190
Q

Polling station

A

Polling station - محل رأی‌گیری، a designated location where voters cast their ballots. (اسم)

191
Q

Ballot

A

Ballot - برگه رأی، the paper or digital form used by voters to cast their vote in an election. (اسم)

192
Q

Voter registration

A

Voter registration - ثبت‌نام رای‌دهندگان، the process of enrolling citizens to vote in an election. (اسم)

193
Q

Electoral commission

A

Electoral commission - کمیسیون انتخابات، an independent body responsible for overseeing elections. (اسم)

194
Q

Electoral fraud

A

Electoral fraud - تقلب انتخاباتی، illegal interference with the election process, such as vote tampering or manipulation. (اسم)

195
Q

Electoral system

A

Electoral system - سیستم انتخاباتی، the method used to conduct elections and count votes. (اسم)

196
Q

Election turnout

A

Election turnout - میزان مشارکت در انتخابات، the percentage of eligible voters who actually vote in an election. (اسم)

197
Q

Voting rights

A

Voting rights - حقوق رأی‌دهی، the legal right to vote in elections. (اسم)

198
Q

Absentee voting

A

Absentee voting - رأی‌دهی غیابی، the process of voting by individuals who are not able to vote in person on election day. (اسم)

199
Q

Postal voting

A

Postal voting - رأی‌دهی پستی، the process of voting by mail. (اسم)

200
Q

Electoral college

A

Electoral college - کالج انتخاباتی، a group of representatives chosen to vote for the president in some countries, like the U.S. (اسم)

201
Q

Run-off election

A

Run-off election - انتخابات دور دوم، a second election held when no candidate wins the majority in the first round. (اسم)

202
Q

Polling results

A

Polling results - نتایج نظرسنجی، the outcome of surveys or polls conducted before or during an election. (اسم)

203
Q

Swing state

A

Swing state - ایالت متغیر، a state where both major political parties have similar levels of support among voters. (اسم)

204
Q

Political campaign

A

Political campaign - کمپین سیاسی، an organized effort to influence the decision-making of voters during an election. (اسم)

205
Q

Political rally

A

Political rally - گردهمایی سیاسی، a gathering of people to support a political cause or candidate. (اسم)

206
Q

Election manifesto

A

Election manifesto - منشور انتخاباتی، a document outlining a political party’s policies and goals during an election. (اسم)

207
Q

Public expenditure

A

Public expenditure - هزینه‌های عمومی، government spending on public goods and services. (اسم)

208
Q

Capital expenditure

A

Capital expenditure - هزینه‌های سرمایه‌ای، spending on long-term investments, such as infrastructure or equipment. (اسم)

209
Q

Current expenditure

A

Current expenditure - هزینه‌های جاری، government spending on daily operations and services. (اسم)

210
Q

Social spending

A

Social spending - هزینه‌های اجتماعی، government expenditure on social services like healthcare, education, and welfare. (اسم)

211
Q

Welfare spending

A

Welfare spending - هزینه‌های رفاهی، government spending on social support programs for those in need. (اسم)

212
Q

Defense spending

A

Defense spending - هزینه‌های دفاعی، government expenditure on military and defense-related activities. (اسم)

213
Q

Healthcare spending

A

Healthcare spending - هزینه‌های بهداشت و درمان، government or private spending on healthcare services. (اسم)

214
Q

Education funding

A

Education funding - تأمین مالی آموزش، the allocation of financial resources for educational institutions. (اسم)

215
Q

Infrastructure investment

A

Infrastructure investment - سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌ها، funding for physical infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, and utilities. (اسم)

216
Q

Subsidies

A

Subsidies - یارانه‌ها، financial assistance provided by the government to support a particular industry or sector. (اسم)

217
Q

Grants

A

Grants - کمک‌های مالی، funds provided by the government or other organizations for specific purposes or projects. (اسم)

218
Q

Social security payments

A

Social security payments - پرداخت‌های تأمین اجتماعی، financial assistance provided to individuals for retirement, disability, or unemployment. (اسم)

219
Q

Pension payments

A

Pension payments - پرداخت‌های بازنشستگی، money given to individuals after retirement as part of a pension system. (اسم)

220
Q

Unemployment benefits

A

Unemployment benefits - مزایای بیکاری، financial assistance provided to individuals who are unemployed. (اسم)

221
Q

Economic stimulus packages

A

Economic stimulus packages - بسته‌های محرک اقتصادی، government programs designed to stimulate economic growth, often in times of recession. (اسم)

222
Q

Research and development funding

A

Research and development funding - تأمین مالی تحقیق و توسعه، financial support for innovation, research, and new technologies. (اسم)

223
Q

Environmental protection funding

A

Environmental protection funding - تأمین مالی حفاظت از محیط زیست، financial resources allocated to preserving and protecting the environment. (اسم)

224
Q

Cultural funding

A

Cultural funding - تأمین مالی فرهنگی، financial support provided for cultural projects or institutions. (اسم)

225
Q

Foreign aid

A

Foreign aid - کمک‌های خارجی، financial or material assistance provided by one country to another. (اسم)

226
Q

International development funding

A

International development funding - تأمین مالی توسعه بین‌المللی، financial resources allocated for global development projects. (اسم)

227
Q

Foreign assistance

A

Foreign assistance - کمک‌های خارجی، financial aid or other support given by one country to another. (اسم)

228
Q

Debt repayment

A

Debt repayment - بازپرداخت بدهی، the process of paying back borrowed money. (اسم)

229
Q

Public sector salaries

A

Public sector salaries - حقوق بخش عمومی، wages paid to government employees. (اسم)

230
Q

Government contracts

A

Government contracts - قراردادهای دولتی، agreements between the government and private entities for goods or services. (اسم)

231
Q

Public services financing

A

Public services financing - تأمین مالی خدمات عمومی، funding allocated for services like healthcare, education, and public safety. (اسم)

232
Q

Social welfare programs

A

Social welfare programs - برنامه‌های رفاه اجتماعی، government programs aimed at providing financial or social assistance to those in need. (اسم)

233
Q

Tax revenue

A

Tax revenue - درآمد مالیاتی، the income generated by the government from taxes. (اسم)

234
Q

Borrowing

A

Borrowing - قرض گرفتن، the act of obtaining money from an external source, often to finance government spending. (اسم)

235
Q

Foreign aid

A

کمک های خارجی

236
Q

National debt

A

National debt - بدهی ملی، the total amount of money the government owes to external and internal creditors. (اسم)

237
Q

Government bonds

A

Government bonds - اوراق قرضه دولتی، debt securities issued by the government to raise funds. (اسم)

238
Q

Fiscal reserves

A

Fiscal reserves - ذخایر مالی، the financial savings or buffer held by a government for emergencies. (اسم)

239
Q

State-owned enterprises revenue

A

State-owned enterprises revenue - درآمد شرکت‌های دولتی، the income generated by companies owned and operated by the government. (اسم)

240
Q

Public-private partnerships

A

Public-private partnerships - شراکت‌های دولتی-خصوصی، collaborations between the government and private entities to provide public services or infrastructure. (اسم)

241
Q

Donations

A

Donations - اهداءات، voluntary contributions of money or goods, often to charitable causes. (اسم)

242
Q

Grants and donations

A

Grants and donations - کمک‌ها و اهداءات، financial assistance and voluntary contributions provided to support various causes. (اسم)

243
Q

Foreign loans

A

Foreign loans - وام‌های خارجی، loans given to a country or government by foreign lenders. (اسم)

244
Q

International financial institutions

A

International financial institutions - مؤسسات مالی بین‌المللی، organizations that provide financial support and advice to countries. (اسم)

245
Q

Private investments

A

Private investments - سرمایه‌گذاری‌های خصوصی، funds invested by individuals or companies in businesses or projects. (اسم)

246
Q

Crowdfunding (for specific projects)

A

Crowdfunding (for specific projects) - تأمین مالی جمعی (برای پروژه‌های خاص)، raising small amounts of money from many people for a specific project or cause. (اسم)

247
Q

Annual budget

A

Annual budget - بودجه سالانه، the financial plan that outlines expected government revenue and expenditures for the year. (اسم)

248
Q

Budget proposal

A

Budget proposal - پیشنهاد بودجه، a plan outlining how government funds will be spent in the upcoming period. (اسم)

249
Q

Budget deficit

A

Budget deficit - کسری بودجه، the amount by which government spending exceeds its revenue. (اسم)

250
Q

Budget surplus

A

Budget surplus - مازاد بودجه، the amount by which government revenue exceeds its spending. (اسم)

251
Q

Balanced budget

A

Balanced budget - بودجه متوازن، a budget where government spending equals its revenue. (اسم)

252
Q

Deficit spending

A

Deficit spending - هزینه‌کرد کسری، government spending that exceeds its revenue, often leading to debt. (اسم)

253
Q

Government fiscal policy

A

Government fiscal policy - سیاست مالی دولت، government actions related to spending and taxation to influence the economy. (اسم)

254
Q

Budget allocation

A

Budget allocation - تخصیص بودجه، the process of distributing government funds to various sectors or departments. (اسم)

255
Q

Financial plan

A

Financial plan - طرح مالی، a strategy for managing and spending funds. (اسم)

256
Q

Government revenue

A

Government revenue - درآمد دولت، the income generated by the government through taxes and other means. (اسم)

257
Q

Budgetary constraints

A

Budgetary constraints - محدودیت‌های بودجه‌ای، limitations on how much money can be spent in the budget. (اسم)

258
Q

Public sector budgeting

A

Public sector budgeting - بودجه‌بندی بخش عمومی، the process of planning and managing the budget for public sector activities. (اسم)

259
Q

Revenue forecasting

A

Revenue forecasting - پیش‌بینی درآمد، the process of estimating future government revenue. (اسم)

260
Q

Expenditure planning

A

Expenditure planning - برنامه‌ریزی هزینه‌ها، the process of planning and controlling government spending. (اسم)

261
Q

Fiscal responsibility

A

Fiscal responsibility - مسئولیت مالی، the practice of managing government finances prudently to avoid excessive debt. (اسم)

262
Q

Budget approval

A

Budget approval - تصویب بودجه، the process by which a government or legislative body approves the proposed budget. (اسم)

263
Q

Spending cuts

A

Spending cuts - کاهش هزینه‌ها، reductions in government spending to control the budget. (اسم)

264
Q

Tax adjustments

A

Tax adjustments - تنظیمات مالیاتی، changes made to the tax rates or tax system. (اسم)

265
Q

Economic growth

A

Economic growth - رشد اقتصادی، the increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over time. (اسم)

266
Q

Inflation control

A

Inflation control - کنترل تورم، measures taken by the government to limit the rise in prices of goods

267
Q

Job creation

A

Job creation - ایجاد شغل، the process of generating employment opportunities. (اسم)

268
Q

Public debt management

A

Public debt management - مدیریت بدهی عمومی، the process of managing a country’s debt through strategies like borrowing, repayment, and interest control. (اسم)

269
Q

Income redistribution

A

Income redistribution - توزیع مجدد درآمد، policies aimed at reducing income inequality by redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor. (اسم)

270
Q

Poverty alleviation

A

Poverty alleviation - کاهش فقر، efforts and policies designed to reduce poverty and improve living standards. (اسم)

271
Q

Social equity

A

Social equity - عدالت اجتماعی، fairness in the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society. (اسم)

272
Q

Improvement in public services

A

Improvement in public services - بهبود خدمات عمومی، efforts to enhance the quality and efficiency of government-provided services. (اسم)

273
Q

Infrastructure development

A

Infrastructure development - توسعه زیرساخت‌ها، the creation and improvement of physical structures like roads, schools, and hospitals. (اسم)

274
Q

Economic stabilization

A

Economic stabilization - تثبیت اقتصادی، measures taken to reduce economic volatility and ensure steady growth. (اسم)

275
Q

Boosting consumer confidence

A

Boosting consumer confidence - افزایش اعتماد مصرف‌کننده، actions aimed at improving consumers’ trust in the economy, encouraging spending and investment. (اسم)

276
Q

Environmental sustainability

A

Environmental sustainability - پایداری محیط زیست، practices that maintain the health and balance of ecosystems over the long term. (اسم)

277
Q

Crisis management

A

Crisis management - مدیریت بحران، the process of handling emergencies or disasters effectively. (اسم)

278
Q

Health outcomes improvement

A

Health outcomes improvement - بهبود نتایج سلامت، efforts to increase the effectiveness of healthcare services and improve public health. (اسم)

279
Q

Education quality improvement

A

Education quality improvement - بهبود کیفیت آموزش، strategies aimed at enhancing the standard of education provided. (اسم)

280
Q

Urban development

A

Urban development - توسعه شهری، the planning and development of cities, including housing, infrastructure, and services. (اسم)

281
Q

Innovation and technological advancement

A

Innovation and technological advancement - نوآوری و پیشرفت فناوری، the process of developing new technologies and applying them to solve problems. (اسم)

282
Q

Wasteful spending

A

Wasteful spending - هزینه‌کرد بی‌فایده، government spending on unnecessary or ineffective programs. (اسم)

283
Q

Misallocation of resources

A

Misallocation of resources - تخصیص نادرست منابع، inefficient or inappropriate use of financial or material resources. (اسم)

284
Q

Government inefficiency

A

Government inefficiency - ناکارآمدی دولت، the inability of the government to use resources effectively and deliver services efficiently. (اسم)

285
Q

Over-spending

A

Over-spending - بیش‌صرفی، spending more money than is necessary or budgeted for. (اسم)

286
Q

Public sector corruption

A

Public sector corruption - فساد در بخش عمومی، dishonest or unethical behavior by government officials or employees. (اسم)

287
Q

Budget mismanagement

A

Budget mismanagement - سوءمدیریت بودجه، poor handling or oversight of government funds leading to inefficiency or waste. (اسم)

288
Q

Underfunding of essential services

A

Underfunding of essential services - کمبود بودجه برای خدمات ضروری، insufficient financial support for critical public services like healthcare and education. (اسم)

289
Q

Inflationary pressures

A

Inflationary pressures - فشارهای تورمی، economic factors that cause the general price level of goods and services to rise. (اسم)

290
Q

Deficit financing

A

Deficit financing - تأمین مالی کسری بودجه، the practice of funding government expenditures by borrowing rather than from revenue. (اسم)

291
Q

Unsustainable debt levels

A

Unsustainable debt levels - سطوح بدهی غیرقابل تحمل، situations where a country’s debt grows faster than its ability to repay. (اسم)

292
Q

Dependency on foreign loans

A

Dependency on foreign loans - وابستگی به وام‌های خارجی، reliance on borrowing from other countries to finance government activities. (اسم)

293
Q

Politically motivated spending

A

Politically motivated spending - هزینه‌کرد با انگیزه‌های سیاسی، government spending directed by political agendas rather than economic needs. (اسم)

294
Q

Lack of transparency

A

Lack of transparency - عدم شفافیت، the absence of openness in government operations or decision-making. (اسم)

295
Q

Unnecessary government projects

A

Unnecessary government projects - پروژه‌های دولتی غیرضروری، government-funded initiatives that are considered wasteful or not essential. (اسم)

296
Q

Unfair distribution of resources

A

Unfair distribution of resources - توزیع ناعادلانه منابع، unequal allocation of resources, leading to social inequality. (اسم)

297
Q

National security

A

National security - امنیت ملی، the protection of a country’s borders, citizens, and institutions from external threats. (اسم)

298
Q

Social safety net

A

Social safety net - شبکه ایمنی اجتماعی، government programs designed to provide basic financial support to citizens in need. (اسم)

299
Q

Infrastructure development

A

Infrastructure development - توسعه زیرساخت‌ها، the building and improvement of physical structures like roads and utilities. (اسم)

300
Q

Health care system

A

Health care system - سیستم بهداشت و درمان، the network of institutions and policies that provide medical care to a population. (اسم)

301
Q

Education system

A

Education system - سیستم آموزشی، the structure and organization of educational institutions and processes in a country. (اسم)

302
Q

Research and innovation

A

Research and innovation - تحقیق و نوآوری، the systematic investigation and application of new ideas and technologies. (اسم)

303
Q

Environmental protection

A

Environmental protection - حفاظت از محیط زیست، actions taken to preserve and protect the natural environment. (اسم)

304
Q

Public transportation

A

Public transportation - حمل و نقل عمومی، transportation systems that are available for use by the general public, typically funded by the government. (اسم)

305
Q

Affordable housing

A

Affordable housing - مسکن مقرون به صرفه، housing that is affordable for low-income families or individuals. (اسم)

306
Q

Youth programs

A

Youth programs - برنامه‌های جوانان، initiatives designed to support, engage, and develop young people. (اسم)

307
Q

Pension funds

A

Pension funds - صندوق‌های بازنشستگی، financial accounts that provide for individuals after retirement. (اسم)

308
Q

Retirement benefits

A

Retirement benefits - مزایای بازنشستگی، financial support provided to individuals when they retire from work. (اسم)

309
Q

Public health campaigns

A

Public health campaigns - کمپین‌های بهداشت عمومی، organized efforts to inform and influence public health behavior. (اسم)

310
Q

Environmental conservation

A

Environmental conservation - حفاظت از محیط زیست، efforts aimed at preserving natural resources and ecosystems. (اسم)

311
Q

Crisis relief funding

A

Crisis relief funding - تأمین مالی امداد بحران، financial resources provided to help people affected by natural or man-made disasters. (اسم)

312
Q

Public debt

A

Public debt - بدهی عمومی، the total amount of money the government owes to external and internal creditors. (اسم)

313
Q

National debt

A

National debt - بدهی ملی، the total debt accumulated by a country over time. (اسم)

314
Q

Foreign debt

A

Foreign debt - بدهی خارجی، the portion of a country’s debt that is owed to foreign creditors. (اسم)

315
Q

Government bonds

A

Government bonds - اوراق قرضه دولتی، debt securities issued by the government to raise funds. (اسم)

316
Q

Debt-to-GDP ratio

A

Debt-to-GDP ratio - نسبت بدهی به تولید ناخالص داخلی، a measure of a country’s debt compared to its economic output. (اسم)

317
Q

Debt servicing

A

Debt servicing - پرداخت بدهی، the process of paying interest and principal on debt. (اسم)

318
Q

Debt repayment plan

A

Debt repayment plan - برنامه بازپرداخت بدهی، a structured plan to repay borrowed funds over time. (اسم)

319
Q

Borrowing capacity

A

Borrowing capacity - ظرفیت قرض گرفتن، the maximum amount of debt a government or organization can afford to take on. (اسم)

320
Q

Sovereign debt

A

Sovereign debt - بدهی دولتی، the debt issued by a national government. (اسم)

321
Q

Government loan agreements

A

Government loan agreements - توافق‌نامه‌های وام دولتی، legal contracts in which a government borrows money. (اسم)

322
Q

Interest on national debt

A

Interest on national debt - بهره از بدهی ملی، the cost paid by the government to borrow money, expressed as a percentage of the debt. (اسم)

323
Q

Deficit financing

A

Deficit financing - تأمین مالی کسری بودجه، borrowing money to cover a government’s budget deficit. (اسم)

324
Q

Debt ceiling

A

Debt ceiling - سقف بدهی، a limit on the amount of debt a government can accumulate. (اسم)

325
Q

Government credit rating

A

Government credit rating - رتبه اعتباری دولت، a measure of a government’s ability to repay its debt. (اسم)

326
Q

Fiscal deficits

A

Fiscal deficits - کسری مالی، the amount by which government spending exceeds its revenue in a given period. (اسم)

327
Q

Austerity measures

A

Austerity measures - تدابیر ریاضتی، policies intended to reduce government budget deficits by cutting public spending. (اسم)

328
Q

Bailout packages

A

Bailout packages - بسته‌های نجات، financial assistance provided to support failing organizations or sectors. (اسم)

329
Q

International loans

A

International loans - وام‌های بین‌المللی، loans given to a country by international lenders or organizations. (اسم)

330
Q

Keynesian economics

A

Keynesian economics - اقتصاد کینزی، an economic theory advocating for government intervention to stabilize economic cycles. (اسم)

331
Q

Supply-side economics

A

Supply-side economics - اقتصاد از طرف عرضه، an economic theory focusing on boosting production and lowering taxes to stimulate growth. (اسم)

332
Q

Fiscal stimulus

A

Fiscal stimulus - تحریک مالی، government spending or tax cuts designed to boost economic activity. (اسم)

333
Q

Monetary policy

A

Monetary policy - سیاست پولی، the management of the money supply and interest rates to influence economic activity. (اسم)

334
Q

Public sector investment

A

Public sector investment - سرمایه‌گذاری بخش عمومی، investments made by the government in infrastructure, education, etc. (اسم)

335
Q

Crowding-out effect

A

Crowding-out effect - اثر شلوغی، the economic theory that government spending can reduce private sector investment. (اسم)

336
Q

Multiplier effect

A

Multiplier effect - اثر چندبرابری، the increase in economic activity generated by an initial amount of spending or investment. (اسم)

337
Q

Tax-and-spend policies

A

Tax-and-spend policies - سیاست‌های مالیاتی و هزینه‌ای، government strategies of raising taxes and increasing spending to manage the economy. (اسم)

338
Q

Government intervention

A

Government intervention - مداخله دولت، the act of the government influencing or regulating economic activity. (اسم)

339
Q

Public-private partnerships

A

Public-private partnerships - شراکت‌های دولتی-خصوصی، collaborations between the government and private companies to deliver services or infrastructure. (اسم)

340
Q

Economic stabilization policies

A

Economic stabilization policies - سیاست‌های تثبیت اقتصادی، measures designed to reduce economic volatility. (اسم)

341
Q

Discretionary spending

A

Discretionary spending - هزینه‌کرد اختیاری، government spending that is not mandated by law but determined annually. (اسم)

342
Q

Mandatory spending

A

Mandatory spending - هزینه‌کرد الزامی، government spending required by law for certain programs like Social Security. (اسم)

IELTS diffrent topics (17 decks)

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