GI The Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas And Biliary System

Question 1

What are the three parts of the small intestine

Answer 1

Duo jej and ileum

Question 2

What does the small intestine recieve

Answer 2

Chyme form stomach duodenal bulb
Panc juice form panc more distal part of duo
Bile form gall bladder

Question 3

What does the small intestine sec

Answer 3

Intestinal juice

Question 4

How is the surface area in the small intestine

Answer 4

Very well adapted
Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

Question 5

The small intestine secretes some peptide hormones which are? What kind of sec

Answer 5

Endocrine cells prod these
Gastrin 
Cck
Secretin
Motilin 
Glucagon like insulinotropic peptide 
Glucagon like peptide 1
Ghrelin

Question 6

What produces cck

Answer 6

Form I cells in duo and jej

Enterogastrones

Question 7

What produces secretin

Answer 7

S cells

Question 8

What cells prod motilin

Answer 8

M cells

Question 9

What are the incretins prod from

Answer 9

K cells and L cells

Question 10

What do gr cells prod

Answer 10

Ghrelin

Question 11

What do all the peptide homones of the small intestine act on

Answer 11

GPCR’s

Question 12

How much intestinal juice prod a day

Answer 12

Approx 2 litres

Question 13

What is the other name for intestinal juice

Answer 13

Succus entericus

Question 14

What promotes Succus entericus prod

Answer 14

Gastrin 
Cck
Distension 
Secretin 
Parasymp nerve activity

Question 15

What decrease Succus entericus prod

Answer 15

Symp nerve activity

Question 16

What dos Succus entericus contain

Answer 16

Mucus - for protection and lubrication form goblet cells
Aq salt - for enzymatic digestion in crypt of Lieberman
No digestive enzymes

Question 17

What so the movements of segmentation

Answer 17

Chopping moving backward and forward vigour is after a meal
Alternation contractiona nd rleaxations of circular muscles
Initiated by BER
Initiated also by chyme distension

Question 18

What is segmentation of an empty ileum triggered by

Answer 18

Gastrin form the stomach

Gastroileal reflex

Question 19

What is segmentation movement like in pace

Answer 19

3-5 hours slow as allow time for abs

Question 20

What changes the segmentation strength

Answer 20

The symp and parasymp activity

Question 21

What is the MMc

Answer 21

Migrating motor complex
Between 90-120 min
Strong peristaltic contraction clearing small intestine between meals

Question 22

What inhibits the MMc

Answer 22

Vagal activty and feeding

Question 23

What triggers MMc

Answer 23

Motilin

Surpressed by Gastrin and cck

Question 24

What is the endocrine part of the panc

Answer 24

Insulin and glucagon sce to blood

Question 25

What is the exocrine part of the pancreas

Answer 25

Digestive enzymes form the acinar cells | And ions in panc juice

Question 26

What do pancreatic duct cells produce

Answer 26

Bicarbonate rich solution to duo | Neutralises acidic chyme

Question 27

What does the bicarbonate rich solution do

Answer 27

Protect the mucosa, barriers erosion of acids | And provide optimum oh for enzymes

Question 28

What do the pancreatic enzymes do

Answer 28

Can completely digest food in absence of all other enzymes

Question 29

Where are the pancreatic hormones produced

Answer 29

In the acinar cells | Enzymes stored in zymogen granules

Question 30

What are the 5 enzymes pancreatic

Answer 30

3 proteases - trypsinogen - chymotrypsinogen - procarboxypeptidase a and b Panc amylase Panc lipase

Question 31

The proteases are inactive and then activates to what forms

Answer 31

Trypsinogen --> trypsin Chymotrypsinogen --> chymotrypsin Procarboxypeptidase a and b --> carboxypeptidase a and b

Question 32

How are the inactive proteases activated

Answer 32

By emterokinases form mucosal cells

Question 33

What are the phases of control of panc sec

Answer 33

Cephalic - mediated by vs gal activity of acinar cells Gastric - gastric distension evokes vagovagal reflex = parasymp stim of acinar and duct cells Intestinal - acid = secretin in crease bicarbonate prod Fat proetin = cck increase digestive enzymes

Question 34

What does the biliary system compromise of

Answer 34

Liver, gall bladder, associated ducts

Question 35

Approx how much bile produced a day

Answer 35

0.6-1.2 litres a day

Question 36

What happens to bile between meals

Answer 36

Store and conc I gall bladder

Question 37

What sholens to bile during a meal

Answer 37

Chyme in duo stim gall bladder contract via cck and bagel activty Sphincter of oddi open via cck Bile spurts to duo via cystic duct and common bile ducts

Question 38

What is bile composition

Answer 38

Secretion of hepatocytes - liver cells | Secretion of bile duct cells - cholangiocytes

Question 39

What happens in the bile ducts

Answer 39

The bile secretions mix

Question 40

What does bile do

Answer 40

Participate in digestion and abs of fats

Question 41

How much does the use secreted form the bile duct cells constituent the overla volume

Answer 41

25%

Question 42

What is the bile duct cell composition

Answer 42

Similar to panc alkaline juice | Ions and bicarbonate rich

Question 43

What happens to the bile duct cell sec between and during meals

Answer 43

Between - has ionic comp near plasma | During meal - flow rate increases in repsonse to secretin form duo s cells

Question 44

When the flow rate of bile duct cells sec increases what happens to the product of secretion

Answer 44

Have more bicarbonate as the exchanger at the apical mem less time for Cl/bicarbonate exchange so more bicarbonate in sec

Question 45

What does the neural environment the bile forms allow

Answer 45

Michelle production Neutralisation of chyme Ph adjustment for digestive enzyme optimum Protection of mucosa

Question 46

What do hepatocytes sec

Answer 46

Primary juice form canuliculli which fuse and form biliary du tules

Question 47

What is hepatic bile composed of

Answer 47

``` Primary bile acids mainly chain and chenodeoxycholic acids Water and electrolytes Lipids and phospholipids Cholesterol Immunoglobulin Bilirubin ```

Question 48

What does bilirubin do

Answer 48

Only constitutes the yellow pigment

Question 49

What can an excess of cholesterol lead to

Answer 49

Bile acids and lecithin may precipitate into micorsrytals that aggregate to gall stones

Question 50

What sit he system which makes use of the bile in the body again a nd again

Answer 50

Enterohepatic recycling

Question 51

What's is the rate of synthesis of bile salts dept upon

Answer 51

Hepatic portal blood conc of salts Low conc Stim syn High conc inhib syn

Question 52

What does cck do for the secretin of bile

Answer 52

Causes gall bladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of oddi

Question 53

What does secretin do tot the bilesec

Answer 53

Causes aq alkaline bile sec

Question 54

What does vagal activity do to the bile sec

Answer 54

Via release of ACh | Produces mild sec repsonse in cephalic phase of digestion

Question 55

What does gastrindo do

Answer 55

Stim sec by parietal and chief cells Enhance gastric motility Stim illeocecal motility

Question 56

What's dos secretin do

Answer 56

Inhib gastric emptying Inhib gastric sec Stim sec panc duct cells Stim sec of bile form liver

Question 57

What does cck do

Answer 57

``` Inhib gastric empty Inhib gastric sec Stim digestive enzyme sec by panc acinar cells Causes gall bladder contraction Relax sphincter of oddi ```

Question 58

What's is the small intestine the major site for

Answer 58

Digestion and absorption