Endocrine Control Of Fuel Utilisation Flashcards
What is regulated by the endocrine system
Energy expenditure and fuel supply
What is the resting energy expenditure
At rest and awake but not recently fed
What are the factors affecting metabolism
Starvation Feeding Growth Disease Pregnancy
How does starvation affect metabolism
Leads to reduced energy expenditure basal resting and total
How does feeding affect the metabolism
Elevates energy expenditure
Energy required for storage some abs and digestion
Protein > fat or CHO
How does growth affect the mat abolish
Increases total energy expenditure
How does disease affect the metabolism
Increases metab and energy expended
How does pregnancy aft the metabolism
Inc by 10% for Dev foetus
What happens after feeding
Increas in blood conc of glucose aa’s and fats
What does the body produce after eating
Response to prod insulin decrease glucagon
What is the meal is high in protein
Glucagon also increases
What is the goal in the fed state
Convert amino acids, hexoses and tags abs from gut into forms which can be stored
What is the goal of the hungry state
Mobilise stored reserves to produce metabolic fuels
What happens when there is long term starvation
Glucose obligates such as the brain switch to ketone body oxidation
Body also reduces basal metabolic rate
Does -insulin -glucagon - glucose -FFA - ketones - alanine Increase or decrease after a 2 week starvation
Unsulin- decrease Glucagon - increases Glucose - decreases FFA - increases Ketones - increases Alanine - increases
What nervous stimulation releases noradrenalineand adrenaline
Sympathetic
What does adrenaline do
Increasesfat mobilisation by activating hormone sensitive lipase
Adrenaline also causes cortisol release which leads to
Stim of hepatic gluconeogensis
Inhib tissue glucose uptake
Where are the adrenal Glands located
On top of each kidney
Are energy requirements constant
No change all the t to sleep exercise illness starvation
What is the strut ural layers of the adrenal glands
Connective tissue capsule
Cortex - zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
Medulla
What layers is Aldosterone Cortisol Sex hormones (androgens) Produced
Aldosterone - glomerulosa
Cortisol - fasciculata
Sex hormones - reticularis
Where in the adrenal gland is adrenaline produced and stored
Produced in the medulla and soared in granules
What kind of rhythm does cortisol show
Diurnal
What is the effect of cortisol
Increase pool of carbohydrates, amino acids, fats would be available for use as needed in stressful situations
What are the different types of stress
Physical Chemical Physiological Psychological Social
What does adrenaline do
- stimulates gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis - raises blood glucose
- activates hormone sensitive lipase to promote fatty acid release
- increases cardiac muscle contractility
- Heart rate rises
- coronary and skeletal muscle arterioles dilate
- arousal of higher centres
What do glucocorticoids do
Raise blood glucose at expense of protein
Fat lipolysis
Not important for rapid mobilisation of fuel
Important for cardiac and skeletal fiction
Anti inflammatory
During stress if there is a lack of cortisol what does that lead to
Circulatory shock due to lack of adrenaline effect on circulation
What are the effects of an adrenalectomy
Loss of ability to respond to stress Loss steroid hormones Circulatory collapse heartbeat less effective decrease in peripheral resistance Skeletal muscle fatigue Increase in apathy - lethargy
What is Addison’s disease
Cortisol deficiency due to low acth or damage to adrenal cortex
Characterised by
- hypoglycaemia
- poor response to stress
Deficiency also in aldosterone primary
Secondary adrenal cortical def
What is crushing disease
Glucocorticoid disease excess Increased acth Hyperglycaemia Elevated blood pressure Obesity Wasting skeletal muscle Mood swings Poor wound healing
