Endocrine Control Of Fuel Utilisation

Question 1

What is regulated by the endocrine system

Answer 1

Energy expenditure and fuel supply

Question 2

What is the resting energy expenditure

Answer 2

At rest and awake but not recently fed

Question 3

What are the factors affecting metabolism

Answer 3

Starvation 
Feeding 
Growth 
Disease
Pregnancy

Question 4

How does starvation affect metabolism

Answer 4

Leads to reduced energy expenditure basal resting and total

Question 5

How does feeding affect the metabolism

Answer 5

Elevates energy expenditure
Energy required for storage some abs and digestion
Protein > fat or CHO

Question 6

How does growth affect the mat abolish

Answer 6

Increases total energy expenditure

Question 7

How does disease affect the metabolism

Answer 7

Increases metab and energy expended

Question 8

How does pregnancy aft the metabolism

Answer 8

Inc by 10% for Dev foetus

Question 9

What happens after feeding

Answer 9

Increas in blood conc of glucose aa’s and fats

Question 10

What does the body produce after eating

Answer 10

Response to prod insulin decrease glucagon

Question 11

What is the meal is high in protein

Answer 11

Glucagon also increases

Question 12

What is the goal in the fed state

Answer 12

Convert amino acids, hexoses and tags abs from gut into forms which can be stored

Question 13

What is the goal of the hungry state

Answer 13

Mobilise stored reserves to produce metabolic fuels

Question 14

What happens when there is long term starvation

Answer 14

Glucose obligates such as the brain switch to ketone body oxidation

Body also reduces basal metabolic rate

Question 15

Does
-insulin
-glucagon
- glucose
-FFA
- ketones
- alanine 
Increase or decrease after a 2 week starvation

Answer 15

Unsulin- decrease 
Glucagon - increases
Glucose - decreases 
FFA - increases 
Ketones - increases 
Alanine - increases

Question 16

What nervous stimulation releases noradrenalineand adrenaline

Answer 16

Sympathetic

Question 17

What does adrenaline do

Answer 17

Increasesfat mobilisation by activating hormone sensitive lipase

Question 18

Adrenaline also causes cortisol release which leads to

Answer 18

Stim of hepatic gluconeogensis

Inhib tissue glucose uptake

Question 19

Where are the adrenal Glands located

Answer 19

On top of each kidney

Question 20

Are energy requirements constant

Answer 20

No change all the t to sleep exercise illness starvation

Question 21

What is the strut ural layers of the adrenal glands

Answer 21

Connective tissue capsule
Cortex - zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
Medulla

Question 22

What layers is 
Aldosterone 
Cortisol 
Sex hormones (androgens) 
Produced

Answer 22

Aldosterone - glomerulosa
Cortisol - fasciculata
Sex hormones - reticularis

Question 23

Where in the adrenal gland is adrenaline produced and stored

Answer 23

Produced in the medulla and soared in granules

Question 24

What kind of rhythm does cortisol show

Answer 24

Diurnal

Question 25

What is the effect of cortisol

Answer 25

Increase pool of carbohydrates, amino acids, fats would be available for use as needed in stressful situations

Question 26

What are the different types of stress

Answer 26

``` Physical Chemical Physiological Psychological Social ```

Question 27

What does adrenaline do

Answer 27

- stimulates gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis - raises blood glucose - activates hormone sensitive lipase to promote fatty acid release - increases cardiac muscle contractility - Heart rate rises - coronary and skeletal muscle arterioles dilate - arousal of higher centres

Question 28

What do glucocorticoids do

Answer 28

Raise blood glucose at expense of protein Fat lipolysis Not important for rapid mobilisation of fuel Important for cardiac and skeletal fiction Anti inflammatory

Question 29

During stress if there is a lack of cortisol what does that lead to

Answer 29

Circulatory shock due to lack of adrenaline effect on circulation

Question 30

What are the effects of an adrenalectomy

Answer 30

``` Loss of ability to respond to stress Loss steroid hormones Circulatory collapse heartbeat less effective decrease in peripheral resistance Skeletal muscle fatigue Increase in apathy - lethargy ```

Question 31

What is Addison's disease

Answer 31

Cortisol deficiency due to low acth or damage to adrenal cortex Characterised by - hypoglycaemia - poor response to stress Deficiency also in aldosterone primary Secondary adrenal cortical def

Question 32

What is crushing disease

Answer 32

``` Glucocorticoid disease excess Increased acth Hyperglycaemia Elevated blood pressure Obesity Wasting skeletal muscle Mood swings Poor wound healing ```