GI Drugs

Question 1

Central acting emetics

Answer 1

Apomorphine & Alpha-2 Agonists

Question 2

How does apomorphine work as an emetic?

Answer 2

Stimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ - vomiting center

Question 3

What is the emetic of choice for dogs?

Answer 3

Apomorphine

Question 4

How is apomorphine applied?

Answer 4

Cunjunctival sac or parenteral. NOT ORAL!

Flush eye after vomiting has started.

Question 5

Do alpha-2 agonists or Apomorphine work better in felines?

Answer 5

Alpha-2 agonists

Question 6

What is the emetic of choice for felines?

Answer 6

Medetomidine/Dexmedetomidine (Domitor/Dexdomitor)

Xylazine (Rompun)

Question 7

Local acting emetics

Answer 7

Syrup of ipecac, H2O2, Salt water

Question 8

What problem can H2O2 cause?

Answer 8

severe gastritis, aspiration from froth

Question 9

What should be done after using salt water as an emetic?

Answer 9

Give fluids or fresh water to prevent salt toxicity or dehydration.

Question 10

What is used for motion sickness?

Answer 10

Phenothiazine derivatives. (Thorazine)

Question 11

How does Metroclopramide (Reglan) work?

Answer 11

Both central and peripheral
Increases gastric contractions
speeds gastric emptying

Question 12

Is Reglan contraindicated with GI obstruction?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What was the first FDA approved motion sickness prevention for dogs?

Answer 13

Cerenia

Question 14

What is the cause of gastric ulcers

Answer 14

Stress, metabolic dz, gastric hyperacidity, drug therapy (NSAIDs)

Question 15

What are clinical signs of gastric ulcers?

Answer 15

Anorexia, hematemesis, pain, MELENA

Question 16

Five classes of drugs that are antiulcer medications?

Answer 16

H2 receptor antagonists
Proton-pump inhibitors
Antacids
Gastromucosal protectants
Prostaglandin E-1 analogs

Question 17

H2 receptor antagonists do what?

Answer 17

reduce the release of HCl acid.

Question 18

What are three H2 receptor antagonists?

Answer 18

Cimetidine (Tagamet) Least potent
Ranitidine (Zantac) 5x more potent than Tagamet
Famatodine (Pepcid) 10x more potent than Tagamet. Fewer drug reactions

Question 19

How do proton pump inhibitors help prevent ulcers?

Answer 19

Bind irreversibly at the secretory surface of the parietal cell to the enzyme

Question 20

Name one proton pump inhibitor

Answer 20

Omeprazole (Prilosec)

Question 21

Is Omoeprazole (Prilosec) approved for use in horses and foals?

Answer 21

Yes, only equine

Question 22

Name a Gastromucosal protectant

Answer 22

Sucralfate

Question 23

Is diarrhea associated with hypermotility or hypomotility?

Answer 23

Hypomotility (decreased segmental contractions

Question 24

How do narcotic analgesics (opiates) assist with antidiarrheal medications?

Answer 24

decrease intestinal secretions, increase intestinal absorption

Question 25

What are emetics used for?

Answer 25

Elimination of toxins

Question 26

What are antiemetics used for?

Answer 26

Control of vomiting

Question 27

List some emetics

Answer 27

Xylazine, DexDomitor, Apomorphine, H2O2

Question 28

List some antiemetics

Answer 28

Meoclopramide (Reglan), phenothaizines (Ace), antihistamines (Dramamine), aminopentamide (Centrine)

Question 29

List some antidiarrheal medications

Answer 29

Diphenoxylate (Lomotil)

Loperamide (Immodium)

Question 30

List some laxatives

Answer 30

Saline/hyperosmotic agents - Fleet enemas
Lactulose
Bulk producing agents - psyllium